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handbook/survey/ontop.htm
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@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN">
<html lang="en">
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
<html>
<head>
<title>CUCC Austria Cave Surveying Guide: Surface</title>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" />
<title>CUCC Expo Surveying Handbook: Surface surveys</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../css/main2.css" />
</head>
<body>
<h2 align=center>CUCC Expedition Handbook: Surveying<br>
Surface surveys</h2>
<h2 style="text-align: center">CUCC Expo Surveying Handbook</h2>
<h1>Surface surveys</h1>
<p>All features of speleological interest should be recorded with a minimum
of two bearings on fixed landmarks (see <a href="../findit.htm">separate
@@ -20,10 +20,13 @@ spit if possible) early on, so you can use that point as the start of the
underground or surface surveys. If possible, it helps to fix new stuff with a
GPS (use waypoint averaging for a couple of hours whilst you explore it).
There is a separate manual document for <a href="gps.htm">using GPS on
expo</a>.
expo</a>.</p>
<p><a href="../../piclinks/ssvypl.htm"><img src="../../tinypix/ssvypl.jpg"
width=122 height=122 hspace=10 align=left></a>
<div style="float: left; margin: 10pt;">
<a href="../../piclinks/ssvypl.htm">
<img src="../../tinypix/ssvypl.jpg"
width="122" height="122" alt="" />
</a></div>
<p>The main difference with a surface survey is that you can see, and are not
constrained by passage walls. The lack of walls may mean that all survey
@@ -41,26 +44,26 @@ when doing your calibration. For better accuracy, you should really keep the
survey legs short (6m gives a compass/clino error comparable with a 5cm
station position error). This makes the survey take much longer, and maybe
more prone to recording errors, so a good compromise is to keep legs down to
15m or less, which also makes sketching a little easier.
15m or less, which also makes sketching a little easier.</p>
<p><b>Don't neglect sketching&nbsp;!</b> Cold, exhaustion and call-out times
should not be such a restriction on surface surveys, so don't do a rush job
(it is best <b>not</b> to do surface surveys when the weather is awful:-).
A good surface sketch makes caves easier to find, possibly saving future
cavers from repeating your bearings to find the entrance. Eventually such
sketches will build to a map of the area, showing which bits have really been
looked at. It is conventional to survey to the cave marker tag, where there
is one (and you could always drill a spit for one, and survey to it). Failing
that, the centre of the painted number or middle of the "+" sign, or the
first bolt of the rigging (remember that we are no longer allowed to paint
marks on the plateau surface). Make sure that you record what is used, and
its height above/below the "surface".
<p><b>Don't neglect sketching!</b> Cold, exhaustion and call-out times should
not be such a restriction on surface surveys, so don't do a rush job (it is
best <b>not</b> to do surface surveys when the weather is awful:-). A good
surface sketch makes caves easier to find, possibly saving future cavers from
repeating your bearings to find the entrance. Eventually such sketches will
build to a map of the area, showing which bits have really been looked at. It
is conventional to survey to the cave marker tag, where there is one (and you
could always drill a spit for one, and survey to it). Failing that, the centre
of the painted number or middle of the "+" sign, or the first bolt of the
rigging (remember that we are no longer allowed to paint marks on the plateau
surface). Make sure that you record what is used, and its height above/below
the "surface".</p>
<p>If you do run out of time, make sure that your final survey point can
readily be found again, for example a drilled hole in a prominent boulder
(take a photo). Consider going back a few legs if it will give you an
easier to find end point - better to lose one or two legs than have to redo
the whole survey !
the whole survey!</p>
<h3>Finding a starting point</h3>
@@ -71,7 +74,7 @@ cave marker tag (or the spit you have placed for one, or hole drilled for
it). If there is just a hole, it is as well to mark it with a bit of paint
so it can be found again. Failing these, a well-documented spot which can
be found again is essential - the first bolt of the rigging or part of a
painted number.
painted number.</p>
<p>The surface is now becoming laced with a network of surface surveys of
different vintages and qualities. As these build up, good sketching means
@@ -79,53 +82,41 @@ a useful scale map can be drawn, which in turn means you can look to see
where the nearest existing fixed points are to your cave. The best fixed
points are the ones fixed by accurate (laser theodolite) survey by the
Austrians, commonly known as <a href="lasers.htm">"laser points"</a>. Next
best are surface surveys taking a short route from these points.
best are surface surveys taking a short route from these points.</p>
<hr>
<!-- LINKS -->
<img alt="&gt;" src="../../../icons/lists/0.png">
<b>Expedition Handbook</b>:<br>
<img alt="---&gt;" src="../../../icons/lists/1.png">
<b>Surveying</b>:<br>
<img alt="------&gt;" src="../../../icons/lists/2.png">
<a href="index.htm">Back to overview</a> and index of topics<br>
<img alt="------&gt;" src="../../../icons/lists/2.png">
<a href="what.htm">What is a cave survey ?</a><br>
<img alt="------&gt;" src="../../../icons/lists/2.png">
<a href="why.htm">Why am I doing this ?</a><br>
<img alt="------&gt;" src="../../../icons/lists/2.png">
Methods: <a href="how.htm">underground</a><br>
<img alt="------&gt;" src="../../../icons/lists/2.png">
Pitfalls to avoid, <a href="hints.htm">hints'n'tips</a>
to make life easier<br>
<img alt="------&gt;" src="../../../icons/lists/2.png">
Getting a <a href="gps.htm">GPS fix</a><br>
<img alt="------&gt;" src="../../../icons/lists/2.png">
Base Camp: <a href="getin.htm">getting it in</a> to the computer<br>
<img alt="------&gt;" src="../../../icons/lists/2.png">
Base Camp: <a href="drawup.htm">drawing it up</a>,
writing the description<br>
<img alt="---&gt;" src="../../../icons/lists/1.png">
Expo Handbook <a href="../index.htm">Introduction</a><br>
<img alt="---&gt;" src="../../../icons/lists/1.png">
<a href="../look4.htm">Prospecting guide</a><br>
<img alt="---&gt;" src="../../../icons/lists/1.png">
<a href="../rescue.htm">Rescue guide</a><br>
<img alt="---&gt;" src="../../../icons/lists/1.png">
<a href="../rigit.htm">Rigging guide</a><br>
<img alt="---&gt;" src="../../../icons/lists/1.png">
<a href="../photo.htm">Photography guide</a><br>
<img alt="&gt;" src="../../../icons/lists/0.png">
<a href="../../infodx.htm">Index to info/topics pages</a><br>
<img alt="&gt;" src="../../../icons/lists/0.png">
<a href="../../indxal.htm">Full Index to area 1623</a><br>
<img alt="---&gt;" src="../../../icons/lists/1.png">
<a href="../../areas.htm">Area/subarea descriptions</a><br>
<img alt="---&gt;" src="../../../icons/lists/1.png">
<a href="../../index.htm">Back to Expedition Intro page</a><br>
<img alt="&gt;" src="../../../icons/lists/0.png">
<a href="../../../index.htm">Back to CUCC Home page</a><br>
<hr />
<ul id="links">
<li><b>Expedition Handbook:</b>
<ul>
<li>Expo Handbook <a href="../index.htm">Introduction</a></li>
<li><b>Surveying:</b>
<ul>
<li>Surveying <a href="index.htm">Overview</a> and index of
topics</li>
<li><a href="what.htm">What is a cave survey?</a></li>
<li><a href="why.htm">Why am I doing this?</a></li>
<li>Methods: <a href="how.htm">underground</a></li>
<li>Pitfalls to avoid, <a href="hints.htm">hints'n'tips</a> to
make life easier</li>
<li>Methods: surface</li>
<li>Base Camp: <a href="getin.htm">getting it in</a> to the
computer</li>
<li>Base Camp: <a href="drawup.htm">drawing it up</a>, writing
the description</li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="../look4.htm">Prospecting guide</a></li>
<li><a href="../rescue.htm">Rescue guide</a></li>
<li><a href="../rigit.htm">Rigging guide</a></li>
<li><a href="../photo.htm">Photography guide</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="../../infodx.htm">Index to info/topics pages</a></li>
<li><a href="../../indxal.htm">Full Index to area 1623</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="../../areas.htm">Area/subarea descriptions</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="../../index.htm">Back to Expedition Intro page</a></li>
<li><a href="../../../index.htm">Back to CUCC Home page</a></li>
</ul>
</body>
</html>