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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN">
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
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<title>
CUCC Austria Cave Surveying Guide
</title>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" />
<title>CUCC Expo Surveying Handbook: Underground</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../css/main2.css" />
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<body>
<h2 align=center>CUCC Expedition Handbook: Surveying<br>
Cave survey methods: underground</h2>
<h2 style="text-align: center">CUCC Expo Surveying Handbook</h2>
<h1>Surveying methods: underground</h1>
<p>The idea of the survey is to produce a map of the cave that is accurate,
useful for route finding and possible connections (and look pretty). In most
@@ -18,7 +16,7 @@ caves (and particularly in Kaninchenh&ouml;hle), enough information has to be
collected for the full survey to be drawn by people who haven't visited all
of it. The work involved in redrawing a huge survey each year is enormous, so
it is becoming increasingly important to record enough so that a computer can
draw it later.
draw it later.</p>
<p>This being expedition caving, time is limited, but don't forget that
no-one else may ever come here again, so the idea is to efficiently record as
@@ -27,12 +25,12 @@ accuracy, but if constrained by time and manpower (eg. this is the last
chance to survey, on the derigging trip of a cave which is now "finished"),
it is better to record all the passage, rather than part of it to a very high
standard. Particularly to be avoided is a survey that doesn't connect to the
rest of the cave.
rest of the cave.</p>
<p>You are collecting data to fulfill a number of needs: the actual position
of the passage for finding where it goes and possible connections; the shape
of it for drawing pretty surveys; the location of possible leads for future
exploration; geological info for working out how it got there.
exploration; geological info for working out how it got there.</p>
<p>For small caves the survey should be drawn up for publication by those who
surveyed it. However, it is important to realise that for big caves (eg.
@@ -42,30 +40,30 @@ survey, and they have no chance to go back to check anything which is
unclear. The same applies to the passage description, which is a complex
evolving document. Ambiguities in your description may not become a
problem for several years, by which time you may no longer be in contact
with expo or may not remember anything about the passage.
with expo or may not remember anything about the passage.</p>
<p><b>Surveying ethics</b>. Remember: <u>survey what you find - don't leave
it for someone else</u>. Your ability to find new passage without wasting
time reexploring stuff seen before depends on those who came last year
leaving good documentation. Likewise, future expeditions will be more
rewarding if you have finished the job of exploraing with a good survey.
<p><b>Surveying ethics</b>. Remember: <em>survey what you find - don't leave
it for someone else</em>. Your ability to find new passage without wasting time
reexploring stuff seen before depends on those who came last year leaving good
documentation. Likewise, future expeditions will be more rewarding if you have
finished the job of exploring with a good survey.</p>
<h4>Survey Standards</h4>
<p>Both on the surface and underground, CUCC tries to achieve a grade 5c
survey and the information below is the minimum that can be collected <b>in
the cave</b> (or on the ground) to achieve this.
the cave</b> (or on the ground) to achieve this.</p>
<ul>
<li>Compass and clino read to the closest degree (but if it is in the middle
there is no time wasted in recording the half).
there is no time wasted in recording the half).</li>
<li>Tape to the closest centimetre.
<li>Tape to the closest centimetre.</li>
<li>A cross-section with dimensions at least every station or leg (however,
every time the passage changes significantly is deemed more suitable).
every time the passage changes significantly is deemed more suitable).</li>
<li>A detailed plan and <u>elevation</u> sketch. This is actually easier to
<li>A detailed plan and <em>elevation</em> sketch. This is actually easier to
draw if it is done accurately to scale and direction (some surveyors carry a
ruler and protractor to put the centre-line accurately in the book to sketch
round). The sketch should contain as much detail as you would expect to find
@@ -83,7 +81,7 @@ visible, to record the location of shelly bands, faults, dip and strike of
any prominent bedding or other cleavage planes, and any old flow markings
(direction and approx diameter). Anything unusual which would make a good
landmark is also useful, and of course, man-made things like pitch rigging,
traverse lines or cairns.
traverse lines or cairns.</li>
<li>The left, right, up, down (LRUD) from the survey station to the general
passage wall, not the closest piece of rock. These should be <b>measured</b>
@@ -93,7 +91,7 @@ derivable from the sketch, this is not reliable and LRUD provide a very
useful cross-check. The meaning of "Left" and "Right" should be consistent
along the survey and not swap over when leapfrogging. If there is a
significant bend in the survey, the sketch should make clear exactly which
directions were taken.
directions were taken.</li>
<li>On pitches, LRUD is not very meaningful. Instead, take four directions
in a horizontal plane to the shaft walls. Most often this will be NSEW, but
@@ -104,34 +102,33 @@ useful - record approx compass points of the directions taken.
fancy cave visualisation software which is now becoming available. For
a discussion of how to record this data, see Andy Atkinson's article in
<a href="http://www.chaos.org.uk/survex/cp/cp10/cpoint10.htm#art3">Compass
Points #10</a>.
Points #10</a>.</p></li>
<li>Station location. Some stations will never be used again, and the
location is only needed when drawing up, as an additional helpful datum.
Stations at junctions, or in long passages where junctions may have gone
unnoticed, should be recorded in enough detail to be found again quite
unambiguously by someone who hasn't been there before. If you say "bolt"
make it clear which bolt. Remember that next year the anchor will have to
be found, not just the obvious hanger. And someone may add a new bolt -
is your description adequate to ensure that the old one is found ? A
sketch to find the point may be useful - in more detail than will be used
to draw up the survey. The Easegill resurvey folk are using special
markers for permanent survey stations, which some may like to try in
Austria. They make station identification much more certain, which is
important when the next person to carry on the survey may never have
been here before.
<li>Station location. Some stations will never be used again, and the location
is only needed when drawing up, as an additional helpful datum. Stations at
junctions, or in long passages where junctions may have gone unnoticed, should
be recorded in enough detail to be found again quite unambiguously by someone
who hasn't been there before. If you say "bolt" make it clear which bolt.
Remember that next year the anchor will have to be found, not just the obvious
hanger. And someone may add a new bolt - is your description adequate to ensure
that the old one is found ? A sketch to find the point may be useful - in more
detail than will be used to draw up the survey. The Easegill resurvey folk are
using special coloured plastic markers for permanent survey stations, which
some may like to try in Austria. They make station identification much more
certain, which is important when the next person to carry on the survey may
never have been here before.</li>
<li>Names. If you know passage and/or pitch names, record them on the
survey, preferably with both the numbers and the sketch. If a name covers
a long passage, record "station 13, start of passage X" ... "station 47,
end of passage X". This helps prevent the meaning of names changing over
time, which can make connecting new passages to old surveys very hard, as
people look in entirely the wrong place for your stations...
<li>Names. If you know passage and/or pitch names, record them on the survey,
preferably with both the numbers and the sketch. If a name covers a long
passage, record "station 13, start of passage X" ... "station 47, end of
passage X". This helps prevent the meaning of names changing over time, which
can make connecting new passages to old surveys very hard, as
people look in entirely the wrong place for your stations...</li>
<li>Question Marks. These should also be recorded both with the numbers
and on the sketch. Make it clear where the nearest survey station is, and
choose such stations to ease the job of future explorers, so they can be
found again.
found again.</li>
<li>Info for the whole survey. This means date, personnel, which instruments
were used, state of the tape (eg. was the first 20cm missing ?). Also
@@ -140,58 +137,45 @@ between two known points) by each person who reads instruments on the
survey, using the same technique as used in the cave. Clino should have
readings taken from both ends between any two points (ie. A to B and B to A)
at least once, and ideally each time the clino is bumped (compromise is
before and after the trip).
before and after the trip).</li>
</ul>
<p>There are a whole load of <a href="hints.htm">hints and tips</a> on how to
do the above, written from experience in Austria.
do the above, written from experience in Austria.</p>
<hr>
<!-- LINKS -->
<img alt="&gt;" src="../../../icons/lists/0.png">
<b>Expedition Handbook</b>:<br>
<img alt="---&gt;" src="../../../icons/lists/1.png">
<b>Surveying</b>:<br>
<img alt="------&gt;" src="../../../icons/lists/2.png">
<a href="index.htm">Back to overview</a> and index of topics<br>
<img alt="------&gt;" src="../../../icons/lists/2.png">
<a href="what.htm">What is a cave survey ?</a><br>
<img alt="------&gt;" src="../../../icons/lists/2.png">
<a href="why.htm">Why am I doing this ?</a><br>
<img alt="------&gt;" src="../../../icons/lists/2.png">
Pitfalls to avoid, <a href="hints.htm">hints'n'tips</a>
to make life easier<br>
<img alt="------&gt;" src="../../../icons/lists/2.png">
Methods: <a href="ontop.htm">surface</a><br>
<img alt="------&gt;" src="../../../icons/lists/2.png">
Getting a <a href="gps.htm">GPS fix</a><br>
<img alt="------&gt;" src="../../../icons/lists/2.png">
Base Camp: <a href="getin.htm">getting it in</a> to the computer<br>
<img alt="------&gt;" src="../../../icons/lists/2.png">
Base Camp: <a href="drawup.htm">drawing it up</a>,
writing the description<br>
<img alt="---&gt;" src="../../../icons/lists/1.png">
Expo Handbook <a href="../index.htm">Introduction</a><br>
<img alt="---&gt;" src="../../../icons/lists/1.png">
<a href="../look4.htm">Prospecting guide</a><br>
<img alt="---&gt;" src="../../../icons/lists/1.png">
<a href="../rescue.htm">Rescue guide</a><br>
<img alt="---&gt;" src="../../../icons/lists/1.png">
<a href="../rigit.htm">Rigging guide</a><br>
<img alt="---&gt;" src="../../../icons/lists/1.png">
<a href="../photo.htm">Photography guide</a><br>
<img alt="&gt;" src="../../../icons/lists/0.png">
<a href="../../infodx.htm">Index to info/topics pages</a><br>
<img alt="&gt;" src="../../../icons/lists/0.png">
<a href="../../indxal.htm">Full Index to area 1623</a><br>
<img alt="---&gt;" src="../../../icons/lists/1.png">
<a href="../../areas.htm">Area/subarea descriptions</a><br>
<img alt="---&gt;" src="../../../icons/lists/1.png">
<a href="../../index.htm">Back to Expedition Intro page</a><br>
<img alt="&gt;" src="../../../icons/lists/0.png">
<a href="../../../index.htm">Back to CUCC Home page</a><br>
<hr />
<ul id="links">
<li><b>Expedition Handbook:</b>:
<ul>
<li>Expo Handbook <a href="../index.htm">Introduction</a></li>
<li><b>Surveying:</b>
<ul>
<li>Surveying <a href="index.htm">Overview</a> and index of
topics</li>
<li><a href="what.htm">What is a cave survey?</a></li>
<li><a href="why.htm">Why am I doing this?</a></li>
<li>Methods: underground</li>
<li>Pitfalls to avoid, <a href="hints.htm">hints'n'tips</a> to
make life easier</li>
<li>Methods: <a href="ontop.htm">surface</a></li>
<li>Base Camp: <a href="getin.htm">getting it in</a> to the
computer</li>
<li>Base Camp: <a href="drawup.htm">drawing it up</a>, writing
the description</li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="../look4.htm">Prospecting guide</a></li>
<li><a href="../rescue.htm">Rescue guide</a></li>
<li><a href="../rigit.htm">Rigging guide</a></li>
<li><a href="../photo.htm">Photography guide</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="../../infodx.htm">Index to info/topics pages</a></li>
<li><a href="../../indxal.htm">Full Index to area 1623</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="../../areas.htm">Area/subarea descriptions</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="../../index.htm">Back to Expedition Intro page</a></li>
<li><a href="../../../index.htm">Back to CUCC Home page</a></li>
</ul>
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