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<h2 id="tophead"> CUCC Expo Rigging Handbook</h2>
<h1>Bolt belays - Hand-drilling and placing spits</h1>

<p>Once you've decided where to put your bolt, you have to actually physically
place and set it. The methods used differ substantially depending on whether
you are using hand bolts (spits) or Hilti HKDS's.</p>

<p>Before you actually start drilling, it is wise to flatten the surface of the
rock around the bolt site. This allows the hanger to lie flat against the rock.
<p>
Different types of hanger have different footprints; bollards have almost no
footprint at all, rings and bends somewhat more, and twists a great deal.
Remember, of course, that the next person who rigs the pitch may well use a
different type of hanger from the one you happen to have handy. 
<p>
When dressing the rock, use the pointed
end of the hammer and tap gently, so as not to crack the rock below the
surface.</p>

<h2>Hand spits</h2>

<div class="onleft" style="clear: left"> <a
href="../../1623/161/l/boltin.htm"><img alt="(36k image)"
src="../../1623/161/t/boltin.jpg" width="113" height="152" /></a></br><span
class="caption">Bolting by Hand</br>(click to enlarge)</span> </div>
<p>Old-style hand-drilled spits are self-drilling; the spit sleeve functions
both as a drill bit and as an anchor. Screw it firmly onto the driver and tap
it gently against the surface of the rock, turning it around slightly between
each tap and removing it to blow dust away every half dozen blows or so. (You
should also tap the spit itself gently to free dust compacted into it). Once
the hole is established you can begin to hit a bit harder, but don't overdo it;
the idea is to powder the rock at the point of the spit without setting up
cracks through the rest of the rock which will weaken it.</p>

<p>Watch out for the spit <i>cratering</i>; this is when flakes of rock crack
away around the rim of the hole. A severely cratered spit is greatly weakened
as the end of the sleeve is not supported by the rock. With some types of
hanger (bollards and Clowns) it is possible to drive the spit in a bit further
into the bottom of the crater, particularly if the rope is thin, but this
renders it almost impossible to use other types of hanger with that spit.</p>

<p>There is normally a line around the driver stem around 3mm above the thread;
keep drilling until this point is reached. (This typically takes around 15-20
minutes of drilling). Now grab yourself a cone, put it in the end of the spit,
and hammer it back into the hole. You can normally detect when it is fully set
by a change in the tone of the sound when you hit it; it should rise gradually
to a high ring. If the hole is the right depth this will coincide with the spit
being flush with the surface. Now you can remove the driver and screw in a
hanger, and Bob's your uncle.</p>

<h3>Peter and Phil's photo guide to placing a spit</h3>

<img src="hand_bolting_guide/img_2989.jpg" /><p>Decide where you want your bolt to go.</p>
<img src="hand_bolting_guide/img_2990.jpg" /><p>Before you start drilling, "dress" the rock; that is, hammer away the flaky top surface of the rock and flatten out a small area around where your spit is to go.</p>
<img src="hand_bolting_guide/img_2991.jpg" /><p>Hold the spit driver perpendicular to the rock and start hitting it, gently at first, while rotating it clockwise in between taps.</p>
<img src="hand_bolting_guide/img_2993.jpg" /><p>Make sure the driver is perpendicular to the rock surface.</p>
<img src="hand_bolting_guide/img_2995.jpg" /><p>After every few taps, blow the dust out of the hole.</p>
<img src="hand_bolting_guide/img_3001.jpg" /><p>It also helps to give the driver a tap to remove dust caked up on the end.</p>
<img src="hand_bolting_guide/img_3002.jpg" /><p>When the hole is as deep as the line around the driver shaft (about 3mm beyond the rim of the spit itself), the spit can be set. Take a cone, and fit it into the end of the driver,</p>
<img src="hand_bolting_guide/img_3003.jpg" /><p>like so.</p>
<img src="hand_bolting_guide/img_3005.jpg" /><p>Now hammer it in (without turning it, which would rapidly become impossible) until the spit is flush with the surface.</p>
<img src="hand_bolting_guide/img_3006.jpg" /><p>Finally, squirt a bit of grease into the spit to keep it from corroding. Notice that this spit is rather deep in, and would probably be rather hard to use for a rigging bolt; more dressing would be needed as well. This bolt was actually for the tag on cave 2005-07, and tag bolts clearly needn't be all that strong.</p>
<img src="hand_bolting_guide/img_3007.jpg" /><p>Finished spit.</p>


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[svn r5797] All this bloody mess now validates as XHTML 1.0 Strict. What's more, some of the obviously out of date bits have been updated, or at least notes written to warn people that the information is out of date. I couldn't be arsed to do the surveying guide as well. I've just spent about eight hours doing this, I need food! 2004-04-22 19:13:46 +01:00			`<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">`
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[svn r3779] Added HTML files. 2001-08-15 19:29:27 +01:00			`<head>`
Having checked for latin1 characters, redefine meta content type from latin 1 to utf8 2022-06-22 22:59:33 +01:00			`<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf8" />`
[svn r6525] Misc edits. Moved 76.htm into the 76 directory. Added some material to the rigging handbook. Fettled intro pages. Added a link to the new 204 glossary page. 2004-09-21 22:32:35 +01:00			`<title>CUCC Expo Rigging Handbook: Placing bolts</title>`
[svn r5766] Added CSS stylesheet tags to everything in sight. 2004-04-21 10:35:34 +01:00			`<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../css/main2.css" />`
[svn r3779] Added HTML files. 2001-08-15 19:29:27 +01:00			`</head>`
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[svn r5828] More trivialities: redid centering the initial subheading 'CUCC Expedition [XXX] Handbook' using CSS rather than hard-coding into individual pages. 2004-04-24 12:50:58 +01:00			`<h2 id="tophead"> CUCC Expo Rigging Handbook</h2>`
Restructed all the rigging content into smaller pages as a rigging guide 2019-02-27 20:10:46 +00:00			`<h1>Bolt belays - Hand-drilling and placing spits</h1>`
[svn r5797] All this bloody mess now validates as XHTML 1.0 Strict. What's more, some of the obviously out of date bits have been updated, or at least notes written to warn people that the information is out of date. I couldn't be arsed to do the surveying guide as well. I've just spent about eight hours doing this, I need food! 2004-04-22 19:13:46 +01:00
[svn r6525] Misc edits. Moved 76.htm into the 76 directory. Added some material to the rigging handbook. Fettled intro pages. Added a link to the new 204 glossary page. 2004-09-21 22:32:35 +01:00			`<p>Once you've decided where to put your bolt, you have to actually physically`
			`place and set it. The methods used differ substantially depending on whether`
			`you are using hand bolts (spits) or Hilti HKDS's.</p>`

			`<p>Before you actually start drilling, it is wise to flatten the surface of the`
			`rock around the bolt site. This allows the hanger to lie flat against the rock.`
Restructed all the rigging content into smaller pages as a rigging guide 2019-02-27 20:10:46 +00:00			`<p>`
[svn r6525] Misc edits. Moved 76.htm into the 76 directory. Added some material to the rigging handbook. Fettled intro pages. Added a link to the new 204 glossary page. 2004-09-21 22:32:35 +01:00			`Different types of hanger have different footprints; bollards have almost no`
			`footprint at all, rings and bends somewhat more, and twists a great deal.`
			`Remember, of course, that the next person who rigs the pitch may well use a`
Restructed all the rigging content into smaller pages as a rigging guide 2019-02-27 20:10:46 +00:00			`different type of hanger from the one you happen to have handy.`
			`<p>`
			`When dressing the rock, use the pointed`
[svn r6525] Misc edits. Moved 76.htm into the 76 directory. Added some material to the rigging handbook. Fettled intro pages. Added a link to the new 204 glossary page. 2004-09-21 22:32:35 +01:00			`end of the hammer and tap gently, so as not to crack the rock below the`
			`surface.</p>`

			`<h2>Hand spits</h2>`
[svn r5797] All this bloody mess now validates as XHTML 1.0 Strict. What's more, some of the obviously out of date bits have been updated, or at least notes written to warn people that the information is out of date. I couldn't be arsed to do the surveying guide as well. I've just spent about eight hours doing this, I need food! 2004-04-22 19:13:46 +01:00
[svn r5813] Images that were floated left with inline styles now reference main2.css 'onright'/'onleft'. 2004-04-23 08:58:27 +01:00			`<div class="onleft" style="clear: left"> <a`
fix up remaining URLs in static html for ${subarea} -> '1623' 2015-04-08 03:13:14 +01:00			`href="../../1623/161/l/boltin.htm"><img alt="(36k image)"`
Restructed all the rigging content into smaller pages as a rigging guide 2019-02-27 20:10:46 +00:00			`src="../../1623/161/t/boltin.jpg" width="113" height="152" /></a></br><span`
			`class="caption">Bolting by Hand</br>(click to enlarge)</span> </div>`
[svn r6525] Misc edits. Moved 76.htm into the 76 directory. Added some material to the rigging handbook. Fettled intro pages. Added a link to the new 204 glossary page. 2004-09-21 22:32:35 +01:00			`<p>Old-style hand-drilled spits are self-drilling; the spit sleeve functions`
			`both as a drill bit and as an anchor. Screw it firmly onto the driver and tap`
			`it gently against the surface of the rock, turning it around slightly between`
			`each tap and removing it to blow dust away every half dozen blows or so. (You`
			`should also tap the spit itself gently to free dust compacted into it). Once`
			`the hole is established you can begin to hit a bit harder, but don't overdo it;`
			`the idea is to powder the rock at the point of the spit without setting up`
			`cracks through the rest of the rock which will weaken it.</p>`

			`<p>Watch out for the spit <i>cratering</i>; this is when flakes of rock crack`
			`away around the rim of the hole. A severely cratered spit is greatly weakened`
			`as the end of the sleeve is not supported by the rock. With some types of`
			`hanger (bollards and Clowns) it is possible to drive the spit in a bit further`
			`into the bottom of the crater, particularly if the rope is thin, but this`
			`renders it almost impossible to use other types of hanger with that spit.</p>`

			`<p>There is normally a line around the driver stem around 3mm above the thread;`
			`keep drilling until this point is reached. (This typically takes around 15-20`
			`minutes of drilling). Now grab yourself a cone, put it in the end of the spit,`
			`and hammer it back into the hole. You can normally detect when it is fully set`
			`by a change in the tone of the sound when you hit it; it should rise gradually`
			`to a high ring. If the hole is the right depth this will coincide with the spit`
			`being flush with the surface. Now you can remove the driver and screw in a`
			`hanger, and Bob's your uncle.</p>`

[svn r7453] Added Pete's photos of 2005-xx caves, and his photo guide to placing a spit 2006-06-28 14:45:07 +01:00			`<h3>Peter and Phil's photo guide to placing a spit</h3>`

			`<img src="hand_bolting_guide/img_2989.jpg" /><p>Decide where you want your bolt to go.</p>`
			`<img src="hand_bolting_guide/img_2990.jpg" /><p>Before you start drilling, "dress" the rock; that is, hammer away the flaky top surface of the rock and flatten out a small area around where your spit is to go.</p>`
			`<img src="hand_bolting_guide/img_2991.jpg" /><p>Hold the spit driver perpendicular to the rock and start hitting it, gently at first, while rotating it clockwise in between taps.</p>`
			`<img src="hand_bolting_guide/img_2993.jpg" /><p>Make sure the driver is perpendicular to the rock surface.</p>`
			`<img src="hand_bolting_guide/img_2995.jpg" /><p>After every few taps, blow the dust out of the hole.</p>`
			`<img src="hand_bolting_guide/img_3001.jpg" /><p>It also helps to give the driver a tap to remove dust caked up on the end.</p>`
			`<img src="hand_bolting_guide/img_3002.jpg" /><p>When the hole is as deep as the line around the driver shaft (about 3mm beyond the rim of the spit itself), the spit can be set. Take a cone, and fit it into the end of the driver,</p>`
			`<img src="hand_bolting_guide/img_3003.jpg" /><p>like so.</p>`
			`<img src="hand_bolting_guide/img_3005.jpg" /><p>Now hammer it in (without turning it, which would rapidly become impossible) until the spit is flush with the surface.</p>`
			`<img src="hand_bolting_guide/img_3006.jpg" /><p>Finally, squirt a bit of grease into the spit to keep it from corroding. Notice that this spit is rather deep in, and would probably be rather hard to use for a rigging bolt; more dressing would be needed as well. This bolt was actually for the tag on cave 2005-07, and tag bolts clearly needn't be all that strong.</p>`
			`<img src="hand_bolting_guide/img_3007.jpg" /><p>Finished spit.</p>`



[svn r5797] All this bloody mess now validates as XHTML 1.0 Strict. What's more, some of the obviously out of date bits have been updated, or at least notes written to warn people that the information is out of date. I couldn't be arsed to do the surveying guide as well. I've just spent about eight hours doing this, I need food! 2004-04-22 19:13:46 +01:00			`<hr />`
Restructed all the rigging content into smaller pages as a rigging guide 2019-02-27 20:10:46 +00:00			`<div id="menu">`
[svn r5797] All this bloody mess now validates as XHTML 1.0 Strict. What's more, some of the obviously out of date bits have been updated, or at least notes written to warn people that the information is out of date. I couldn't be arsed to do the surveying guide as well. I've just spent about eight hours doing this, I need food! 2004-04-22 19:13:46 +01:00			`<ul id="links">`
Restructed all the rigging content into smaller pages as a rigging guide 2019-02-27 20:10:46 +00:00			`<li><a href="../index.htm">Expedition Handbook</a>`
[svn r5797] All this bloody mess now validates as XHTML 1.0 Strict. What's more, some of the obviously out of date bits have been updated, or at least notes written to warn people that the information is out of date. I couldn't be arsed to do the surveying guide as well. I've just spent about eight hours doing this, I need food! 2004-04-22 19:13:46 +01:00			`<ul>`
Restructed all the rigging content into smaller pages as a rigging guide 2019-02-27 20:10:46 +00:00			`<li><a href="../rig/rigit.html">Rigging guide</a></li>`
[svn r5797] All this bloody mess now validates as XHTML 1.0 Strict. What's more, some of the obviously out of date bits have been updated, or at least notes written to warn people that the information is out of date. I couldn't be arsed to do the surveying guide as well. I've just spent about eight hours doing this, I need food! 2004-04-22 19:13:46 +01:00			`<li><a href="../survey/index.htm">Surveying guide</a></li>`
Restructed all the rigging content into smaller pages as a rigging guide 2019-02-27 20:10:46 +00:00			`<li><a href="../look4.htm">Prospecting guide</a></li>`
[svn r5797] All this bloody mess now validates as XHTML 1.0 Strict. What's more, some of the obviously out of date bits have been updated, or at least notes written to warn people that the information is out of date. I couldn't be arsed to do the surveying guide as well. I've just spent about eight hours doing this, I need food! 2004-04-22 19:13:46 +01:00			`<li><a href="../rescue.htm">Rescue guide</a></li>`
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			`<li><a href="../../index.htm">Expo Home</a></li>`
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[svn r5797] All this bloody mess now validates as XHTML 1.0 Strict. What's more, some of the obviously out of date bits have been updated, or at least notes written to warn people that the information is out of date. I couldn't be arsed to do the surveying guide as well. I've just spent about eight hours doing this, I need food! 2004-04-22 19:13:46 +01:00			`</ul>`
Restructed all the rigging content into smaller pages as a rigging guide 2019-02-27 20:10:46 +00:00			`</div>`
[svn r3779] Added HTML files. 2001-08-15 19:29:27 +01:00			`</body>`
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Restructed all the rigging content into smaller pages as a rigging guide 2019-02-27 20:10:46 +00:00