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<title>CUCC Expedition Handbook: Windows expo laptop</title>
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<h2 id="tophead">CUCC Expedition Handbook - Computers/WSL</h2>
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<h1>WSL on a Windows laptop</h1>
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<p>First read the generic instructions for all the software installations you will need:
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<br>
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<a href="basiclaptop.html">Setting up a basic Expo laptop</a>
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<br>
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<a href="surveylaptop.html">Setting up a Survey machine for cave survey production</a>
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<br>
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<a href="bulkupdatelaptop.html">Setting up a machine for expo bulk data rearrangements</a>
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<br>
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<a href="winlaptop.html">Setting up a Windows machine for expo bulk data rearrangements</a>
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</p>
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On 23 November 2022 a new way of installing and using WSL was announced, see <a href="https://www.theregister.com/2022/11/23/wsl_microsoft_store_default_version/">
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Windows Subsystem for Linux now packaged as a Microsoft Store app</a> so some of the documentation on this expo site needs to be revised. <a href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/wsl/compare-versions?source=recommendations">WSL2 is now noticeably even slower</a> for NTFS files.
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<h3>WSL1 and WSL2</h3>
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<p>WSL now installs as WSL2 by default, but older machines (mostly laptops) may not have the Hyper-V Virtualization hardware and may have to run WSL1.
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This is fine: the behaviour is nearly identical so far as an expo laptop is concerned, where you just want to use rsync and scp. An old 2011-era PC has
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been doing troggle development happily using WSL1.
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<p>For some laptops though, WSL1 does not install properly and you have to use WSL2. The symptom is two error messages when you run <var>dmesg</var> in
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the Linux bash terminal window. However, if all you want to use it for is rsync, this may still be fine.
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<h3>WSL2 - things to watch for</h3>
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<p>On some Windows 10 laptops WSL1 fails to install properly and
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<a href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/wsl/compare-versions?source=recommendations">you have to use WSL2</a>.
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<p>You should <a href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/wsl/wsl-config#wslconf">check that the configuration files</a> do what you want.
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<p>When running a full troggle development laptop (see separate <a href="../troggle/troglaptop.html">troggle documentation</a>)
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you will want to use <var>python venv</var>. This barfs untidily if you have the code on NTFS, e.g. if mounted on <var>/mnt/c/</var>. You almost
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certainly have to move all your code to the internal network share e.g. <var>\\wsl$\Ubuntu\home\expo\troggle\</var> which
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is how it looks when you are browing from Windows.
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(No, don't try to be cute and keep it on <var>/mnt/c/</var> and just put a soft link in <var>/home/expo/</var>. That doesn't work either.)
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This means that the code is actually living on a Linux <var>ext4</var> filesystem hidden away on your disc where you can only see it using the
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'network' method <var>\\wsl$\Ubuntu-20.04\home\expo\troggle\</var>. This means that file access is somewhat faster too but you probably won't notice. You will need to make sure that your backup/archive methods access this filesystem though.
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<p>rsync doesn't work with NTFS partitions the way that WSL1 does.
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<p>Read <a href="https://code.visualstudio.com/blogs/2019/09/03/wsl2">WSL & Visual Studio Code</a> and go back and read the bits about VS Code
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running remotely in the ※Windows data maintenance laptop page.
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<h3>WSL1 gotchas and tips</h3>
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<p><a href="https://linuxnightly.com/mount-and-access-hard-drives-in-windows-subsystem-for-linux-wsl/">WSL using files on NTFS</a>
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unfortunately introduces a wonderful new problem of file permissions. Every file on the Windows filesystem NTFS has a set of
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permissions managed by the filesystem. Every NTFS file that WSL knows about (if mounted with -o metadata) acquires a completely parallel set of file
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permissions that are fundamentally different things and are never in sync in any sense. <a
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href="https://devblogs.microsoft.com/commandline/chmod-chown-wsl-improvements/">All sorts of fun</a> results. The alternative is to store all your data
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in the \\wsl$\ ext4 filesystem (WSL2 only, not WSL1).
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<p>If you are disturbed by the instructions to produce an entirely different key for WSL to use when your PC already has a perfectly good PuTTy key installed on the server, then you are right. It is inelegant. But it works, the instructions are shorter and there are fewer things that go wrong. If you are terribly offended by that then you can set your PC up to use one key shared between WSL and normal-Windows as described in <a href="https://devblogs.microsoft.com/commandline/sharing-ssh-keys-between-windows-and-wsl-2/">this October 2019 article</a>. (Don't set up a password on the key because then you don't need to install keychain.) But beware, this sort of thing goes out of date quite rapidly.
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<h4>WSL - Creating another ssh key</h4>
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<p>If you have PuTTY installed and working, but you now want to use WSL rsync, you need to set up a key again within the WSL environment. So on a machine with WSL enabled, create an ordinary cmd window and get into the WSL environment using the wsl command:<br />
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<span style="font-family:monospace; size=x-small; background-color: lightgray">
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D:\CUCC-Expo\expoweb\ <font color=red>wsl</font>
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</span>
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<br />
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which puts you into the WSL environment with a new command prompt, e.g.<br />
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<span style="font-family:monospace; size=x-small; background-color: lightgray">
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<span style="color: green">
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philip@Muscogee</span><span style="color: yellow">:/mnt/c/Users/Philip</span>$
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</span>
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<p>and now you can setup keys in the same way as you would on a Linux machine using ssh-keygen:
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<pre>
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<tt>$ <b>ssh-keygen -C "philip@muscogee-wsl"</b>
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Generating public/private rsa key pair.
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Enter file in which to save the key (/home/philip/.ssh/id_rsa): <b>id_rsa_wsl</b>
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Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase):
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Enter same passphrase again:
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Your identification has been saved in <em>id_rsa_wsl</em>.
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Your public key has been saved in <em>id_rsa_wsl.pub</em>.
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The key fingerprint is:
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SHA256:ySs0YD5IG2ZD50+riUDHWosNq+WJdqpkDlINXh709r0 philip@muscogee-wsl
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The key's randomart image is:
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+---[RSA 2048]----+
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| . o |
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| ..+ . |
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| oB+* + |
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|.=O%.* + o |
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|.+*o= = S . |
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|.* o = . . . |
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|=++.o . . E |
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|B o . |
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|oo |
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+----[SHA256]-----+
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$
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</tt>
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</pre>
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The generated key is in the current directory and you need to move them to ~/.ssh/ as is standard on Linux (which is not at all the same place that puTTY uses to keep keys on Windows).
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<p>Now you have to complete the <a href="keyexchange.html">key-pair setup</a> with the new key "id_ras_wsl.pub". But you don't need anyone else's help this time as you can use puTTY to ssh into the server and copy your key to the right place yourself: it is a <a href="keyexchange.html#secondmachine">"Second Machine"</a>.
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<p>
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Now finally you can use all the usual command line tools at yor wsl command line to communicate with the server with ssh, scp, rsync, such as:
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<pre>
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<tt>rsync -nazv --delete-after --prune-empty-dirs expo@expo.survex.com:expofiles/ expofiles</tt></pre>
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<p>But this only works with WSL1 not WSL2 ! Under WSL1 it doesn't matter if your /expofiles/ is mounted on the Linux filesystem,
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typically under /home/expo/expofiles, or whether it it in the NTFS filesystem mount for Linux as,
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e.g. /mnt/d/expofiles.
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but under WSL2 rsync to /mnt/d/expofiles fails, either with a permissions problem or, if you try sudo rsync.. ,
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with a ssh authentication failure (why? Given that we explicitly state that we want to be user expo@ ?). Ghastly anyway. See next section, where the
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same problem appears on WSL1.
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<p>All of which is really a bit ridiculous if all you want to do is to use rsync on a Windows machine to sort out some photos.
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<h3 id="permissions">Permissions, permissions..</h3>
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<p>Having happily used WSL1 in this manner for a couple of years, it was a rude awakening to try this with a new laptop with a small
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hard-drive, so all the expo code was re-mounted on a plugged-in SD card. The problem of permissions that seemed to be a WSL2 issue reappeared with
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a vengence on WSL1.
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<p>The recommended WSL procedure (Jan.2021) said to mount the drive using
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<a href="https://devblogs.microsoft.com/commandline/chmod-chown-wsl-improvements/">a new 'metadata' setting</a>:
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<pre><code>sudo umount /mnt/d
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sudo mount -t drvfs D: /mnt/d -o metadata,uid=1000,gid=1000,umask=22,fmask=111</code></pre>
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<p>This is probably why there is a difference between automatically-mounted drives (e.g. C:, /mnt/c) and plug-in drives:
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"<em>By default, WSL will set the uid and gid to the default user with drives that are auto-mounted during instance start. If you mount manually, you will
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have to set these explicitly (the default user that gets created when WSL is first installed has a uid=1000 and gid=1000).</em>"
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<p>And of course you will need to arrange that this happens automatically whenever you start WSL, so you will need to set
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<a href="https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Fstab"><var>/etc/fstab</var></a>, so ensure that the relevant line says:
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<pre><code>D: /mnt/d drvfs metadata,uid=1000,gid=1000,umask=22,fmask=11 0 0</code></pre>
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<p>See also <a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/wsl/file-permissions">File Permissions for WSL</a> (Dec. 2021).
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<h3 id="bold">"Are you feeling lucky, punk"</h3>
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<ul>
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<li>WSL: <a href="https://hackaday.com/2019/12/23/linux-fu-wsl-tricks-blur-the-windows-linux-line/"> Converting Windows paths to Linux paths and
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vice-versa</a>.
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<li>Even if you have the hardware, you may have to enable it in
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your BIOS and install the Windows Feature to do it. Instructions <a href="https://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/how-to-install-wsl2-on-windows-10">here</a>
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and <a href="https://www.windowscentral.com/how-install-wsl2-windows-10">here</a>.
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<li><a href="https://www.hanselman.com/blog/CoolWSLWindowsSubsystemForLinuxTipsAndTricksYouOrIDidntKnowWerePossible.aspx">Cool WSL tricks</a> - running Windows commands from WSL environment and running Linux commands from Windows terminal.
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<li><a href="https://code.visualstudio.com/blogs/2019/09/03/wsl2">deep integration</a> - Don't use gitforwindows, install the linux git client in WSL2
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<li><a href="https://blog.anaisbetts.org/using-github-credentials-in-wsl2/">using-github-credentials-in-wsl2</a> - How to use gitforwindows and WSL to connect to GitHub.
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</ul>
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<p>When things go wrong when trying to sort this out, you may find these pages useful. I did.
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<tt><a href="https://serverfault.com/questions/423075/rsync-failed-to-set-permission-operation-not-permitted">rsync - failed to set permission - operation not permitted</a></tt>
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<tt><a href="https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/wsl/2017/04/18/file-system-improvements-to-the-windows-subsystem-for-linux/">file-system-improvements-to-the-windows-subsystem-for-linux/</a></tt>
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<tt><a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/48328446/id-rsa-pub-file-ssh-error-invalid-format">id-rsa-pub-file-ssh-error-invalid-format</a></tt>
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<tt><a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/42863913/key-load-public-invalid-format">key-load-public-invalid-format</a></tt>
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<tt><a href="https://superuser.com/questions/1370877/ssh-error-loading-key-id-rsa-invalid-format">ssh-error-loading-key-id-rsa-invalid-format</a></tt>
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<tt><a href="https://devblogs.microsoft.com/commandline/chmod-chown-wsl-improvements/">chmod-chown-wsl-improvements</a></tt>
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<tt><a href="https://www.scivision.dev/mount-usb-drives-windows-subsystem-for-linux/">mount-usb-drives-windows-subsystem-for-linux</a></tt>
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<tt><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ssh">ssh command line</a></tt>
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<hr />
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Go back to: ※<a href="basiclaptop.html">Basic laptop</a><br />
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Go back to: ⁂<a href="surveylaptop.html">Survey laptop</a><br />
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Go back to: ☯<a href="winlaptop.html">Windows Bulk Update laptop</a><br />
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