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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
<title>CUCC Austria Expeditions: Geological Outline</title> <title>CUCC Austria Expeditions: Geological Outline</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/main2.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/main2.css" />
</head> </head>
@@ -141,6 +142,8 @@ Link to <a href="geolog2.htm">Anonymous Geological Outline (2015?)</a>.
<br /> <br />
Link to <a href="years/1987/geolog.htm">Jared's Geological Guide (1988)</a>. Link to <a href="years/1987/geolog.htm">Jared's Geological Guide (1988)</a>.
<br /> <br />
Link to <a href="years/1981/cavdev.htm">Tony Malcolm's Geological Guide (1982)</a>.
<br />
Link to <a href="https://onrappel.blogspot.com/2018/05/dachstein-massif-geology-intro.html">Excellent long article on Dachsteinkalk</a> Link to <a href="https://onrappel.blogspot.com/2018/05/dachstein-massif-geology-intro.html">Excellent long article on Dachsteinkalk</a>
<hr /> <hr />
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"> <!DOCTYPE html>
<html> <html>
<!-- NB the report was all one CTS ref. but has had to be split to <!-- NB the report was all one CTS ref. but has had to be split to
accommodate the graphics... --> accommodate the graphics... -->
<head> <head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
<title>Cambridge Underground 1982: Expo Cave Development</title> <title>Cambridge Underground 1982: Expo Cave Development</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../css/main2.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../css/main2.css" />
</head> </head>
@@ -234,20 +234,19 @@ discoveries.
<p align=right>Tony Malcolm <p align=right>Tony Malcolm
<p><hr /> <hr />
<!-- LINKS --> Link to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Alps">Wikipedia: Eastern Alps Geology</a>.
<ul id="links"> <br>
<li>Cambridge Underground 1982 Link to <a href="geolog2.htm">Anonymous Geological Outline (2015?)</a>.
<a href="../../../jnl/1982/index.htm">Table of Contents</a></li> <br />
<li>1981 Expedition info: Link to <a href="years/1987/geolog.htm">Jared's Geological Guide (1988)</a>.
<ul> <br />
<li><a href="report.htm">Expo report, Cambridge Underground 1982</a></li> Link to <a href="years/1981/cavdev.htm">Tony Malcolm's Geological Guide (1982)</a>.
<li><a href="log.htm">Logbook</a></li> <br />
<li><a href="bcracc.htm">BCRA Caves &amp; Caving Report</a></li> Link to <a href="https://onrappel.blogspot.com/2018/05/dachstein-massif-geology-intro.html">Excellent long article on Dachsteinkalk</a>
</ul></li> <hr />
<li><a href="../../pubs.htm#pubs1981">Index</a> to all publications</li>
<li><a href="../../index.htm">Back to Expeditions intro page</a></li>
<li><a href="../../../index.htm">CUCC Home Page</a></li>
</ul>
</body> </body>
</html> </html>

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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"> <!DOCTYPE html>
<html> <html>
<head> <head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
<title>1987: Cambridge Underground report</title> <title>1987: Cambridge Underground report</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../css/main2.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../css/main2.css" />
</head> </head>
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ Totengebirgs, Austria</h2>
Northern Calcareous Alps, the northern part of the Eastern Alps. The Northern Calcareous Alps, the northern part of the Eastern Alps. The
sedimentology and structural geology of the Northern Calcareous Alps is sedimentology and structural geology of the Northern Calcareous Alps is
described. described.
</p>
<h3>Structure and Genesis of the Eastern Alps</h3> <h3>Structure and Genesis of the Eastern Alps</h3>
<p>The caving area is situated in the Eastern Alps. The northern part of this <p>The caving area is situated in the Eastern Alps. The northern part of this
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ overthrusting of the sheets during the Tertiary. The strike of the rocks
tends to be east-west as they are arched about an axis in this direction. tends to be east-west as they are arched about an axis in this direction.
Generally, the dip direction in the Northern Calcareous Alps is northward, Generally, the dip direction in the Northern Calcareous Alps is northward,
because they are to the north of the axis. because they are to the north of the axis.
</p>
<p>The thrusting and arching is related to a shortening of the crust in a <p>The thrusting and arching is related to a shortening of the crust in a
north-south direction, which occurred during the Alpine mountain building north-south direction, which occurred during the Alpine mountain building
period. The Alps were formed when the African tectonic plate ploughed into period. The Alps were formed when the African tectonic plate ploughed into
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ progress; the Alps are still rising at about the same rate as they are being
eroded. If uplift were to cease, and erosion continue at the present rate, eroded. If uplift were to cease, and erosion continue at the present rate,
the Alps would be denuded after just three million years. This is very little the Alps would be denuded after just three million years. This is very little
on the geological time scale. on the geological time scale.
</p>
<h3>Summary of the Geological History of the Calcareous Alps</h3> <h3>Summary of the Geological History of the Calcareous Alps</h3>
<p>Due to subsidence in the basement in the Permian, an east-west zone of <p>Due to subsidence in the basement in the Permian, an east-west zone of
@@ -61,13 +61,13 @@ some areas deposition continued into the Cretaceous. During Late Cretaceous
time, parts of the Calcareous Alpine facies became detached and slid over time, parts of the Calcareous Alpine facies became detached and slid over
others. The main northwards movement leaving the Calcareous Alps in their others. The main northwards movement leaving the Calcareous Alps in their
present position occurred during the Eocene. present position occurred during the Eocene.
</p>
<h3>The Northern Calcareous Alps: Sedimentary Rock Types</h3> <h3>The Northern Calcareous Alps: Sedimentary Rock Types</h3>
<p>The oldest rocks seen in the area are of Triassic age, and were produced <p>The oldest rocks seen in the area are of Triassic age, and were produced
in a submarine reef environment. The existence of three distinct reef-related in a submarine reef environment. The existence of three distinct reef-related
depositional environments (facies) can be inferred from the rocks (Fig. 2) depositional environments (facies) can be inferred from the rocks (Fig. 2)
</p>
<ol> <ol>
<li>Haupt Dolomit facies. This rock type was laid down behind the main reef, <li>Haupt Dolomit facies. This rock type was laid down behind the main reef,
in the quiet back reef lagoon. Cycles of deposition are apparent as are in the quiet back reef lagoon. Cycles of deposition are apparent as are
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ Limestone facies.
Triassic in terms of depositional environment. In the North there are marls Triassic in terms of depositional environment. In the North there are marls
and cherty limestones, whereas in the South, reef limestone are more and cherty limestones, whereas in the South, reef limestone are more
important. Units of coarse clastics (sandstones and breccias) occur. important. Units of coarse clastics (sandstones and breccias) occur.
</p>
<h3>Structure of the Northern Calcareous Alps</h3> <h3>Structure of the Northern Calcareous Alps</h3>
<p>Generally, the region is not intensely folded, being more characterised by <p>Generally, the region is not intensely folded, being more characterised by
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ brought in from the south by thrust faulting. This has been deduced from
borehole information as well as from the outcrop pattern, though how far to borehole information as well as from the outcrop pattern, though how far to
the south the rocks were formed is not clear, nor is it agreed whether the south the rocks were formed is not clear, nor is it agreed whether
thrusting occurred mainly along one plane or equally along several. thrusting occurred mainly along one plane or equally along several.
</p>
<h3>Guide to the CUCC area: the Totengebirgs and the Loser Plateau</h3> <h3>Guide to the CUCC area: the Totengebirgs and the Loser Plateau</h3>
<p>A map of the area is given (<a href="../../maps/jwfig3.htm">Fig. 3</a>). <p>A map of the area is given (<a href="../../maps/jwfig3.htm">Fig. 3</a>).
@@ -135,47 +135,31 @@ differentiated on the map. The depth potential of the area is limited to
slightly more than a kilometre by the water table rather than the base of the slightly more than a kilometre by the water table rather than the base of the
Dachstein limestone, this being at the level of the surface of the adjacent Dachstein limestone, this being at the level of the surface of the adjacent
lake Altausseer See. lake Altausseer See.
</p>
<p>Acknowledgements: I am indebted to Hans Sch&ouml;nlaub of the Geologische <p>Acknowledgements: I am indebted to Hans Sch&ouml;nlaub of the Geologische
Bundesanstalt, Wien for his help in sending literature, and to Professor Bundesanstalt, Wien for his help in sending literature, and to Professor
Oxburgh of the Department of Earth Sciences, Cambridge, for allowing the Oxburgh of the Department of Earth Sciences, Cambridge, for allowing the
reproduction of his diagrams. reproduction of his diagrams.
</p>
<p>Bibliography: <p>Bibliography:
</p>
<p>OXBURGH, E.R. (1968), The Geology of the Eastern Alps, The Geologists Association, London. <p>OXBURGH, E.R. (1968), The Geology of the Eastern Alps, The Geologists Association, London.
</p>
<p>PLOCHINGER, B. (1984), Nordkalkalpen, Monograph of the Austrian Geological Survey, Wien. <p>PLOCHINGER, B. (1984), Nordkalkalpen, Monograph of the Austrian Geological Survey, Wien.
</p>
<p>TOLLMAN, A. (1985), Die Nordlichen Kalkalpen. <p>TOLLMAN, A. (1985), Die Nordlichen Kalkalpen.
</p>
<hr /> <hr />
Link to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Alps">Wikipedia: Eastern Alps Geology</a>. Link to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Alps">Wikipedia: Eastern Alps Geology</a>.
<br> <br>
Link to <a href="geolog2.htm">Anonymous Geological Outline (2015?)</a>. Link to <a href="geolog2.htm">Anonymous Geological Outline (2015?)</a>.
<br /> <br />
Link to <a href="geolog.htm">Olaf's Geological Outline (2012)</a>. Link to <a href="years/1987/geolog.htm">Jared's Geological Guide (1988)</a>.
<br />
Link to <a href="years/1981/cavdev.htm">Tony Malcolm's Geological Guide (1982)</a>.
<br /> <br />
Link to <a href="https://onrappel.blogspot.com/2018/05/dachstein-massif-geology-intro.html">Excellent long article on Dachsteinkalk</a> Link to <a href="https://onrappel.blogspot.com/2018/05/dachstein-massif-geology-intro.html">Excellent long article on Dachsteinkalk</a>
<hr /> <hr />
<!-- LINKS -->
<ul id="links">
<li>Cambridge Underground 1988,
<a href="../../../jnl/1988/index.htm">Table of Contents</a></li>
<li>1987 Expedition info:
<ul>
<li><a href="log.htm">Logbook</a></li>
<li>Cambridge Underground Expo Report:
<ul>
<li><a href="report.htm">Expedition description</a></li>
<li><a href="158gd.htm">Donner-und-Blitzen H&ouml;hle</a>, Mike Richardson</li>
<li><a href="ent113.htm">Entrance 113</a>, Mike Richardson<br>
<!-- </ul></li>
<li><a href="bcracc.htm">BCRA Caves &amp; Caving Report</a><br> -->
</ul></li>
<li><a href="../../pubs.htm#pubs1987">Index</a> to all publications</li>
<li><a href="../../index.htm">Back to Expeditions intro page</a></li>
<li><a href="../../../index.htm">CUCC Home Page</a></li>
</ul>
</body> </body>
</html> </html>