diff --git a/handbook/survey/hints.htm b/handbook/survey/hints.htm
index fdacdec16..3ac2b56c1 100644
--- a/handbook/survey/hints.htm
+++ b/handbook/survey/hints.htm
@@ -8,37 +8,18 @@
CUCC Expo Surveying Handbook
Wookey's hints and tips
-... to save you going back to do it again.
+
... to save you going back to do it again.
"hmm - not going to finish this even slightly, so some points to bear
in mind:"
-- The compass must be held level to get a meaningful reading. A left/right
-tilt will cause a systematic over or under reading, whilst sighting up or
-down a steep leg may cause the compass to stick. It is easier to sight from
-the lower station by keeping the tape in position and sighting along it.
-
- Take care with lights, batteries, helmets and anything else which could
be magnetic - check your gear on the surface, or your work could be seriously
impaired. If your light affects the compass, then hold it away from the
instrument when lighting it. Keep the compass well away from steel objects
like bolts, steel karabiners or maillons, tripods or ammo cans when sighting.
-- Practice using the compass above ground to avoid classic errors like
-reading 56 as 64 (ie. counting the wrong way from the 60 marker).
-
-- Degrees are on the left hand scale on clinos. The other scale is
-percent gradient - this is better than nothing if you can't read the degree
-scale (make it abundantly clear in the notes), but reading the wrong one
-without realising gives useless results.
-
-- Pick survey points so you can get your head in, and so you can see both
-ways as easily as possible. Note that Bolts are good things to use as
-stations (because we can find them again), but don't put the compass within
-30cm as it will give joke readings. Sight from the other end of the leg, or
-put the compass behind it and look past the bolt.
-
- Write decimal points as slashes to stop them getting lost in the mud.
Make sure they don't look like "1"s. It is helpful to always write compass
readings as three digits before the decimal point, and clino as two digits
@@ -59,16 +40,6 @@ might get rubbed off.
- Take at least one spare pencil!
-- Return instuments to the dessicator before you fall asleep
-otherwise they are likely to fog up the next time. Don't leave them in the
-cave, both for the above reason and because the next survey may need them
-somewhere else entirely.
-
-- Leapfrogging is a good idea in general but you don't have to be religious
-about it. It is almost impossible in tiny passage, and sometimes a point for
-a survey station is so obvious that you have to use it, but can't
-actually take readings from it.
-
- Draw plans and extended elevations in horizontal bits of cave, with
cross sections for each typical section of passage. Orientate your cross
sections (ie. show which direction they are looking) on the plans. It helps
@@ -80,10 +51,6 @@ impossible to orientate later. A plan with only one station and no direction
indicator cannot be orientated. It is easiest if the drawer takes a spare
compass for this (doesn't have to be a good one) in vertical work.
-- Think ahead when surveying pitches, especially long ones. Take two tape
-measures for stuff over 30m, or three well-organised people and some handy
-big croc-clips!
-
- Record the serial numbers of instruments (comp/clino/tape). Also write
down dates, endpoints, surveyors, cave, any conventions used for symbols,
passage widths etc.
@@ -93,6 +60,43 @@ otherwise your surveys will be left hanging in space. From 1996, the QM
list is supposed to tell you the nearest existing survey station - make
sure that you can identify this (look at the relevant year's survey book).
+
+
+If using analogue instruments (i.e. Suunto)
+
+- The compass must be held level to get a meaningful reading. A left/right
+tilt will cause a systematic over or under reading, whilst sighting up or
+down a steep leg may cause the compass to stick. It is easier to sight from
+the lower station by keeping the tape in position and sighting along it.
+
+- Practice using the compass above ground to avoid classic errors like
+reading 56 as 64 (ie. counting the wrong way from the 60 marker).
+
+- Degrees are on the left hand scale on clinos. The other scale is
+percent gradient - this is better than nothing if you can't read the degree
+scale (make it abundantly clear in the notes), but reading the wrong one
+without realising gives useless results.
+
+- Pick survey points so you can get your head in, and so you can see both
+ways as easily as possible. Note that Bolts are good things to use as
+stations (because we can find them again), but don't put the compass within
+30cm as it will give joke readings. Sight from the other end of the leg, or
+put the compass behind it and look past the bolt.
+
+- Return instuments to the dessicator before you fall asleep
+otherwise they are likely to fog up the next time. Don't leave them in the
+cave, both for the above reason and because the next survey may need them
+somewhere else entirely.
+
+- Leapfrogging is a good idea in general but you don't have to be religious
+about it. It is almost impossible in tiny passage, and sometimes a point for
+a survey station is so obvious that you have to use it, but can't
+actually take readings from it.
+
+- Think ahead when surveying pitches, especially long ones. Take two tape
+measures for stuff over 30m, or three well-organised people and some handy
+big croc-clips!
+
- Calibration is useful at 161a: ie. compass from lower to upper cairn, and
from lower cairn to Bräuning Zinken (if you know where it is - highest
point near right-hand edge of Bräuning Wall (just over the bush!)). See
diff --git a/handbook/survey/how.htm b/handbook/survey/how.htm
index 0bbc5333e..e5fdcc2ae 100644
--- a/handbook/survey/how.htm
+++ b/handbook/survey/how.htm
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ chance to survey, on the derigging trip of a cave which is now "finished"),
it is better to record all the passage, rather than part of it to a very high
standard. Particularly to be avoided is a survey that doesn't connect to the
rest of the cave.
+
You are collecting data to fulfill a number of needs: the actual position
of the passage for finding where it goes and possible connections; the shape
@@ -81,9 +82,19 @@ visible, to record the location of shelly bands, faults, dip and strike of
any prominent bedding or other cleavage planes, and any old flow markings
(direction and approx diameter). Anything unusual which would make a good
landmark is also useful, and of course, man-made things like pitch rigging,
-traverse lines or cairns.
+traverse lines or cairns. Refer to the
+
+UIS standard symbols for a general guide.
-- We use Therion protractors undergound for estimating directions when we are sketching passage shape and direction. We have templates in 1:250 and 1:500 scales. (Thanks to Martin Budaj for these.)
+
- We use Therion protractors undergound for estimating directions when we are
+sketching passage shape and direction. We have templates in
+1:250 and
+1:500 scales. (Thanks to Martin
+Budaj for these.). Some alternatives for those without access to transparency
+slides include an orienteering compass with scale (e.g.
+
+a silva compass), or a metric
+cave compass
- The left, right, up, down (LRUD) from the survey station to the general
passage wall, not the closest piece of rock. These should be measured