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CUCC Austria Cave Surveying Guide
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<h2 align=center>CUCC Expedition Handbook: Surveying<br>
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Cave survey methods: underground</h2>
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<p>The idea of the survey is to produce a map of the cave that is accurate,
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useful for route finding and possible connections (and look pretty). In most
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caves (and particularly in Kaninchenhöhle), enough information has to be
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collected for the full survey to be drawn by people who haven't visited all
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of it. The work involved in redrawing a huge survey each year is enormous, so
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it is becoming increasingly important to record enough so that a computer can
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draw it later.
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<p>This being expedition caving, time is limited, but don't forget that
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no-one else may ever come here again, so the idea is to efficiently record as
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much info as possible. It is best to record all your passage to high
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accuracy, but if constrained by time and manpower (eg. this is the last
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chance to survey, on the derigging trip of a cave which is now "finished"),
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it is better to record all the passage, rather than part of it to a very high
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standard. Particularly to be avoided is a survey that doesn't connect to the
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rest of the cave.
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<p>You are collecting data to fulfill a number of needs: the actual position
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of the passage for finding where it goes and possible connections; the shape
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of it for drawing pretty surveys; the location of possible leads for future
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exploration; geological info for working out how it got there.
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<p>For small caves the survey should be drawn up for publication by those who
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surveyed it. However, it is important to realise that for big caves (eg.
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Kaninchenhöhle) the survey will be drawn up by a small number of people,
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usually in Cambridge. They may not have visited the bit of cave which you
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survey, and they have no chance to go back to check anything which is
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unclear. The same applies to the passage description, which is a complex
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evolving document. Ambiguities in your description may not become a
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problem for several years, by which time you may no longer be in contact
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with expo or may not remember anything about the passage.
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<p><b>Surveying ethics</b>. Remember: <u>survey what you find - don't leave
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it for someone else</u>. Your ability to find new passage without wasting
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time reexploring stuff seen before depends on those who came last year
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leaving good documentation. Likewise, future expeditions will be more
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rewarding if you have finished the job of exploraing with a good survey.
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<h4>Survey Standards</h4>
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<p>Both on the surface and underground, CUCC tries to achieve a grade 5c
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survey and the information below is the minimum that can be collected <b>in
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the cave</b> (or on the ground) to achieve this.
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<ul>
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<li>Compass and clino read to the closest degree (but if it is in the middle
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there is no time wasted in recording the half).
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<li>Tape to the closest centimetre.
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<li>A cross-section with dimensions at least every station or leg (however,
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every time the passage changes significantly is deemed more suitable).
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<li>A detailed plan and <u>elevation</u> sketch. This is actually easier to
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draw if it is done accurately to scale and direction (some surveyors carry a
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ruler and protractor to put the centre-line accurately in the book to sketch
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round). The sketch should contain as much detail as you would expect to find
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on the finished survey. As well as the obvious walls, floor and roof, pitches
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and traverses, detail should include direction of slopes, nature of floor
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deposits, direction of airflow, static and moving water, avens, boulders,
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climbs and the best route to take to avoid damage to the cave. When noting
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airflow and water, it is as well to record the weather on the surface, or
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make notes on any sudden changes. Boulders big enough to be significant
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should be sketched to scale, while general rubble can be noted and drawn in
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later. Make sure you know the conventional symbols for various floor
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deposits, though for large areas you can just (for example) write "sand".
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Geological detail is often obscured by rocks or mud, but it is useful, where
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visible, to record the location of shelly bands, faults, dip and strike of
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any prominent bedding or other cleavage planes, and any old flow markings
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(direction and approx diameter). Anything unusual which would make a good
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landmark is also useful, and of course, man-made things like pitch rigging,
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traverse lines or cairns.
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<li>The left, right, up, down (LRUD) from the survey station to the general
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passage wall, not the closest piece of rock. These should be <b>measured</b>
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whenever the relevant point can be physically reached (ie. not for the roof
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20m above), and estimated otherwise. Although the information should be
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derivable from the sketch, this is not reliable and LRUD provide a very
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useful cross-check. The meaning of "Left" and "Right" should be consistent
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along the survey and not swap over when leapfrogging. If there is a
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significant bend in the survey, the sketch should make clear exactly which
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directions were taken.
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<li>On pitches, LRUD is not very meaningful. Instead, take four directions
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in a horizontal plane to the shaft walls. Most often this will be NSEW, but
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in a rift pitch both ways along and both ways across the rift is more
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useful - record approx compass points of the directions taken.
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<p>LRUD is becoming increasingly important so we can use some of the
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fancy cave visualisation software which is now becoming available. For
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a discussion of how to record this data, see Andy Atkinson's article in
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<a href="http://www.chaos.org.uk/survex/cp/cp10/cpoint10.htm#art3">Compass
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Points #10</a>.
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<li>Station location. Some stations will never be used again, and the
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location is only needed when drawing up, as an additional helpful datum.
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Stations at junctions, or in long passages where junctions may have gone
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unnoticed, should be recorded in enough detail to be found again quite
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unambiguously by someone who hasn't been there before. If you say "bolt"
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make it clear which bolt. Remember that next year the anchor will have to
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be found, not just the obvious hanger. And someone may add a new bolt -
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is your description adequate to ensure that the old one is found ? A
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sketch to find the point may be useful - in more detail than will be used
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to draw up the survey. The Easegill resurvey folk are using special
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markers for permanent survey stations, which some may like to try in
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Austria. They make station identification much more certain, which is
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important when the next person to carry on the survey may never have
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been here before.
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<li>Names. If you know passage and/or pitch names, record them on the
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survey, preferably with both the numbers and the sketch. If a name covers
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a long passage, record "station 13, start of passage X" ... "station 47,
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end of passage X". This helps prevent the meaning of names changing over
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time, which can make connecting new passages to old surveys very hard, as
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people look in entirely the wrong place for your stations...
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<li>Question Marks. These should also be recorded both with the numbers
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and on the sketch. Make it clear where the nearest survey station is, and
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choose such stations to ease the job of future explorers, so they can be
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found again.
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<li>Info for the whole survey. This means date, personnel, which instruments
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were used, state of the tape (eg. was the first 20cm missing ?). Also
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include calibration. Compass should be calibrated (ie. a reading taken
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between two known points) by each person who reads instruments on the
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survey, using the same technique as used in the cave. Clino should have
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readings taken from both ends between any two points (ie. A to B and B to A)
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at least once, and ideally each time the clino is bumped (compromise is
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before and after the trip).
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</ul>
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<p>There are a whole load of <a href="hints.htm">hints and tips</a> on how to
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do the above, written from experience in Austria.
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<hr>
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<!-- LINKS -->
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<img alt=">" src="../../../icons/lists/0.gif">
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<b>Expedition Handbook</b>:<br>
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<img alt="--->" src="../../../icons/lists/1.gif">
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<b>Surveying</b>:<br>
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<img alt="------>" src="../../../icons/lists/2.gif">
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<a href="index.htm">Back to overview</a> and index of topics<br>
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<img alt="------>" src="../../../icons/lists/2.gif">
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<a href="what.htm">What is a cave survey ?</a><br>
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<img alt="------>" src="../../../icons/lists/2.gif">
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<a href="why.htm">Why am I doing this ?</a><br>
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<img alt="------>" src="../../../icons/lists/2.gif">
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Pitfalls to avoid, <a href="hints.htm">hints'n'tips</a>
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to make life easier<br>
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<img alt="------>" src="../../../icons/lists/2.gif">
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Methods: <a href="ontop.htm">surface</a><br>
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<img alt="------>" src="../../../icons/lists/2.gif">
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Getting a <a href="gps.htm">GPS fix</a><br>
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<img alt="------>" src="../../../icons/lists/2.gif">
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Base Camp: <a href="getin.htm">getting it in</a> to the computer<br>
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<img alt="------>" src="../../../icons/lists/2.gif">
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Base Camp: <a href="drawup.htm">drawing it up</a>,
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writing the description<br>
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<img alt="--->" src="../../../icons/lists/1.gif">
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Expo Handbook <a href="../index.htm">Introduction</a><br>
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<img alt="--->" src="../../../icons/lists/1.gif">
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<a href="../look4.htm">Prospecting guide</a><br>
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<img alt="--->" src="../../../icons/lists/1.gif">
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<a href="../rescue.htm">Rescue guide</a><br>
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<img alt="--->" src="../../../icons/lists/1.gif">
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<a href="../rigit.htm">Rigging guide</a><br>
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<img alt="--->" src="../../../icons/lists/1.gif">
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<a href="../photo.htm">Photography guide</a><br>
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<img alt=">" src="../../../icons/lists/0.gif">
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<a href="../../infodx.htm">Index to info/topics pages</a><br>
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<img alt=">" src="../../../icons/lists/0.gif">
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<a href="../../indxal.htm">Full Index to area 1623</a><br>
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<img alt="--->" src="../../../icons/lists/1.gif">
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<a href="../../areas.htm">Area/subarea descriptions</a><br>
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<img alt="--->" src="../../../icons/lists/1.gif">
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<a href="../../index.htm">Back to Expedition Intro page</a><br>
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<img alt=">" src="../../../icons/lists/0.gif">
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<a href="../../../index.htm">Back to CUCC Home page</a><br>
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</body>
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</html>
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