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<title> CUCC Expo Prospecting Handbook: Taking Bearings </title>
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<h2 id="tophead">CUCC Expedition Prospecting Handbook</h2>
<h1>Taking Bearings</h1>

<p style="font-style: italic">Note: With the vast increase in the use of GPS units I
think it's a fair while since anyone used bearings for locating new entrances,
but this document is still relevant as this is the only information we have
about a number of already explored caves. <span style="text-align:
right">&mdash;DL 2004.04.22</span></p>

<p>In the long term, every cave that gets a number should be on a
<a href="survey/ontop.htm">surface survey</a> carried out to the same
accuracy <b>and with equally good sketching</b> as the underground surveys
(see the <a href="survey/index.htm">Surveying Guide</a>). Failing that, a
good <a href="survey/gps.htm">GPS fix</a> should mean that the immediate
vicinity can be found again. However, for prospecting and initial exploratory
work, it is usually good enough to take bearings from the entrance and make a
good sketch or take photographs.</p>

<p>In theory, any cave can be located by taking bearings to two other known
points. For this to work at all well, the bearings should be as nearly as
possible at right angles to each other, and the points should be clearly
recognisable, well-defined and not too far away. As these criteria are not
always readily met, it is usually worth taking extra bearings on several
points (ie. at least three) which can be used for confirmation or for
spotting duff ones.</p>

<p>In general, sharp pointy peaks which can be recognised over quite a wide
area are best, so that the Br&auml;uning Zinken is excellent. Peaks with very
rounded or multiple summits are generally not useful, so that the Vd.
Schwarzmooskogel, for example, is particularly bad. In this case, it is
useful to include a sketch to say exactly which point was used. The apparent
summit, as seen from Top Camp, is usually called "VSK nipple". This is a good
50m below the true summit, but appears well-defined. It is fine for finding
caves in the field but is <b>not</b> adequate for locating them on a map.</p>

<p>In the cave descriptions, bearings are quoted with a series of standard
<a href="abbrev.htm">abbreviations for landmarks</a>, which gives a good
indication of which ones are most useful.</p>

<p>Ideally, take bearings on one of the points identified in the pictures
below (follow the links to useful sized images on which the peaks are named).
Failing that, be sure to identify your feature correctly, using a good map
(ie. the Alpenvereinkarte 1:25000 sheet 15/1, Totes Gebirge West), and write
down the name in full, preferably with a sketch.</p>

<table class="imgtable">
<tr>
<td>
<a href="../piclinks/bw_pks.htm"><img alt="" src="../tinypix/bw_pks.jpg" /></a>
</td>
<td><a href="../piclinks/brw-b8.htm"><img alt="" src="../tinypix/brw-b8.jpg"
/></a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="caption">
<td>A view of the Br&auml;uning Wall (from far out on the plateau) showing
which peak is which.</td>
<td>A view showing how the Br&auml;uning Wall becomes foreshortened from
the "near" plateau and approach to Schwarzmooskogel ridge.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="../piclinks/wildkg.htm"><img alt="" src="../tinypix/wildkg.jpg" /></a></td>
<td><a href="../piclinks/9603vd.htm"><img alt="" src="../tinypix/9603vd.jpg" /></a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="caption">
<td>A view identifying the peaks visible to the north of the plateau -
Sch&ouml;nberg, Gro&szlig;e and Kleine Wildkogel and Grieskogel.</td>
<td>A view of peaks seen south from the east side of the Hinterer
Schwarzmooskogel.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">
<a href="../piclinks/hskvsk.htm"><img alt="" src="../tinypix/hskvsk.jpg"
width="300" height="140" /></a>
</td></tr>
<tr class="caption">
<td colspan="2">A view south from Hinterer Schwarzmooskogel showing the Trisselberg
to the left and behind the serried ranks of false summits on the Vorderer
Schwarzmooskogel. On the far right, Br&auml;uning Nase can be seen.</td>
</tr></table>

<p>(More views to follow - however, there's no point until we have actually
identified the summits on the views with complete certainty :-)</p>

<hr />

<ul id="links">
<li><a href="index.htm">Expedition Handbook</a> - Intro
<ul>
	<li><a href="look4.htm">Prospecting guide</a></li>
	<li><a href="survey/index.htm">Surveying guide</a></li>
	<li><a href="rescue.htm">Rescue guide</a></li>
	<li><a href="rig/rigit.html">Rigging guide</a></li>
	<li><a href="photo.htm">Photography guide</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="../infodx.htm">Index to info/topics pages</a></li>
<li><a href="../indxal.htm">Full Index to area 1623</a>
<ul>
	<li><a href="../areas.htm">Area/subarea descriptions</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="../index.htm">Back to Expedition Intro page</a></li>

<li><a href="../../index.htm">Back to CUCC Home page</a></li>
</ul>

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[svn r5797] All this bloody mess now validates as XHTML 1.0 Strict. What's more, some of the obviously out of date bits have been updated, or at least notes written to warn people that the information is out of date. I couldn't be arsed to do the surveying guide as well. I've just spent about eight hours doing this, I need food! 2004-04-22 19:13:46 +01:00			`<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">`
			`<html>`
[svn r3779] Added HTML files. 2001-08-15 19:29:27 +01:00			`<head>`
[svn r5797] All this bloody mess now validates as XHTML 1.0 Strict. What's more, some of the obviously out of date bits have been updated, or at least notes written to warn people that the information is out of date. I couldn't be arsed to do the surveying guide as well. I've just spent about eight hours doing this, I need food! 2004-04-22 19:13:46 +01:00			`<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" />`
			`<title> CUCC Expo Prospecting Handbook: Taking Bearings </title>`
[svn r5766] Added CSS stylesheet tags to everything in sight. 2004-04-21 10:35:34 +01:00			`<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../css/main2.css" />`
[svn r3779] Added HTML files. 2001-08-15 19:29:27 +01:00			`</head>`
			`<body>`
[svn r5828] More trivialities: redid centering the initial subheading 'CUCC Expedition [XXX] Handbook' using CSS rather than hard-coding into individual pages. 2004-04-24 12:50:58 +01:00			`<h2 id="tophead">CUCC Expedition Prospecting Handbook</h2>`
[svn r5797] All this bloody mess now validates as XHTML 1.0 Strict. What's more, some of the obviously out of date bits have been updated, or at least notes written to warn people that the information is out of date. I couldn't be arsed to do the surveying guide as well. I've just spent about eight hours doing this, I need food! 2004-04-22 19:13:46 +01:00			`<h1>Taking Bearings</h1>`
[svn r3779] Added HTML files. 2001-08-15 19:29:27 +01:00
[svn r5797] All this bloody mess now validates as XHTML 1.0 Strict. What's more, some of the obviously out of date bits have been updated, or at least notes written to warn people that the information is out of date. I couldn't be arsed to do the surveying guide as well. I've just spent about eight hours doing this, I need food! 2004-04-22 19:13:46 +01:00			`<p style="font-style: italic">Note: With the vast increase in the use of GPS units I`
			`think it's a fair while since anyone used bearings for locating new entrances,`
			`but this document is still relevant as this is the only information we have`
			`about a number of already explored caves. <span style="text-align:`
			`right">—DL 2004.04.22</span></p>`
[svn r3779] Added HTML files. 2001-08-15 19:29:27 +01:00
			`<p>In the long term, every cave that gets a number should be on a`
			`<a href="survey/ontop.htm">surface survey</a> carried out to the same`
[svn r5797] All this bloody mess now validates as XHTML 1.0 Strict. What's more, some of the obviously out of date bits have been updated, or at least notes written to warn people that the information is out of date. I couldn't be arsed to do the surveying guide as well. I've just spent about eight hours doing this, I need food! 2004-04-22 19:13:46 +01:00			`accuracy <b>and with equally good sketching</b> as the underground surveys`
[svn r3779] Added HTML files. 2001-08-15 19:29:27 +01:00			`(see the <a href="survey/index.htm">Surveying Guide</a>). Failing that, a`
			`good <a href="survey/gps.htm">GPS fix</a> should mean that the immediate`
			`vicinity can be found again. However, for prospecting and initial exploratory`
			`work, it is usually good enough to take bearings from the entrance and make a`
[svn r5797] All this bloody mess now validates as XHTML 1.0 Strict. What's more, some of the obviously out of date bits have been updated, or at least notes written to warn people that the information is out of date. I couldn't be arsed to do the surveying guide as well. I've just spent about eight hours doing this, I need food! 2004-04-22 19:13:46 +01:00			`good sketch or take photographs.</p>`
[svn r3779] Added HTML files. 2001-08-15 19:29:27 +01:00
			`<p>In theory, any cave can be located by taking bearings to two other known`
			`points. For this to work at all well, the bearings should be as nearly as`
			`possible at right angles to each other, and the points should be clearly`
			`recognisable, well-defined and not too far away. As these criteria are not`
			`always readily met, it is usually worth taking extra bearings on several`
			`points (ie. at least three) which can be used for confirmation or for`
[svn r5797] All this bloody mess now validates as XHTML 1.0 Strict. What's more, some of the obviously out of date bits have been updated, or at least notes written to warn people that the information is out of date. I couldn't be arsed to do the surveying guide as well. I've just spent about eight hours doing this, I need food! 2004-04-22 19:13:46 +01:00			`spotting duff ones.</p>`
[svn r3779] Added HTML files. 2001-08-15 19:29:27 +01:00
			`<p>In general, sharp pointy peaks which can be recognised over quite a wide`
			`area are best, so that the Bräuning Zinken is excellent. Peaks with very`
			`rounded or multiple summits are generally not useful, so that the Vd.`
			`Schwarzmooskogel, for example, is particularly bad. In this case, it is`
			`useful to include a sketch to say exactly which point was used. The apparent`
			`summit, as seen from Top Camp, is usually called "VSK nipple". This is a good`
			`50m below the true summit, but appears well-defined. It is fine for finding`
[svn r5797] All this bloody mess now validates as XHTML 1.0 Strict. What's more, some of the obviously out of date bits have been updated, or at least notes written to warn people that the information is out of date. I couldn't be arsed to do the surveying guide as well. I've just spent about eight hours doing this, I need food! 2004-04-22 19:13:46 +01:00			`caves in the field but is <b>not</b> adequate for locating them on a map.</p>`
[svn r3779] Added HTML files. 2001-08-15 19:29:27 +01:00
			`<p>In the cave descriptions, bearings are quoted with a series of standard`
			`<a href="abbrev.htm">abbreviations for landmarks</a>, which gives a good`
[svn r5797] All this bloody mess now validates as XHTML 1.0 Strict. What's more, some of the obviously out of date bits have been updated, or at least notes written to warn people that the information is out of date. I couldn't be arsed to do the surveying guide as well. I've just spent about eight hours doing this, I need food! 2004-04-22 19:13:46 +01:00			`indication of which ones are most useful.</p>`
[svn r3779] Added HTML files. 2001-08-15 19:29:27 +01:00
			`<p>Ideally, take bearings on one of the points identified in the pictures`
			`below (follow the links to useful sized images on which the peaks are named).`
			`Failing that, be sure to identify your feature correctly, using a good map`
			`(ie. the Alpenvereinkarte 1:25000 sheet 15/1, Totes Gebirge West), and write`
[svn r5797] All this bloody mess now validates as XHTML 1.0 Strict. What's more, some of the obviously out of date bits have been updated, or at least notes written to warn people that the information is out of date. I couldn't be arsed to do the surveying guide as well. I've just spent about eight hours doing this, I need food! 2004-04-22 19:13:46 +01:00			`down the name in full, preferably with a sketch.</p>`
[svn r3779] Added HTML files. 2001-08-15 19:29:27 +01:00
[svn r5813] Images that were floated left with inline styles now reference main2.css 'onright'/'onleft'. 2004-04-23 08:58:27 +01:00			`<table class="imgtable">`
			`<tr>`
			`<td>`
			`<a href="../piclinks/bw_pks.htm"><img alt="" src="../tinypix/bw_pks.jpg" /></a>`
			`</td>`
			`<td><a href="../piclinks/brw-b8.htm"><img alt="" src="../tinypix/brw-b8.jpg"`
			`/></a></td>`
			`</tr>`
			`<tr class="caption">`
			`<td>A view of the Bräuning Wall (from far out on the plateau) showing`
			`which peak is which.</td>`
			`<td>A view showing how the Bräuning Wall becomes foreshortened from`
			`the "near" plateau and approach to Schwarzmooskogel ridge.</td>`
			`</tr>`
			`<tr>`
			`<td><a href="../piclinks/wildkg.htm"><img alt="" src="../tinypix/wildkg.jpg" /></a></td>`
			`<td><a href="../piclinks/9603vd.htm"><img alt="" src="../tinypix/9603vd.jpg" /></a>`
			`</td>`
			`</tr>`
			`<tr class="caption">`
			`<td>A view identifying the peaks visible to the north of the plateau -`
			`Schönberg, Große and Kleine Wildkogel and Grieskogel.</td>`
			`<td>A view of peaks seen south from the east side of the Hinterer`
			`Schwarzmooskogel.</td>`
			`</tr>`
			`<tr>`
			`<td colspan="2">`
			`<a href="../piclinks/hskvsk.htm"><img alt="" src="../tinypix/hskvsk.jpg"`
[svn r5797] All this bloody mess now validates as XHTML 1.0 Strict. What's more, some of the obviously out of date bits have been updated, or at least notes written to warn people that the information is out of date. I couldn't be arsed to do the surveying guide as well. I've just spent about eight hours doing this, I need food! 2004-04-22 19:13:46 +01:00			`width="300" height="140" /></a>`
[svn r5813] Images that were floated left with inline styles now reference main2.css 'onright'/'onleft'. 2004-04-23 08:58:27 +01:00			`</td></tr>`
			`<tr class="caption">`
			`<td colspan="2">A view south from Hinterer Schwarzmooskogel showing the Trisselberg`
[svn r3779] Added HTML files. 2001-08-15 19:29:27 +01:00			`to the left and behind the serried ranks of false summits on the Vorderer`
[svn r5813] Images that were floated left with inline styles now reference main2.css 'onright'/'onleft'. 2004-04-23 08:58:27 +01:00			`Schwarzmooskogel. On the far right, Bräuning Nase can be seen.</td>`
			`</tr></table>`
[svn r5797] All this bloody mess now validates as XHTML 1.0 Strict. What's more, some of the obviously out of date bits have been updated, or at least notes written to warn people that the information is out of date. I couldn't be arsed to do the surveying guide as well. I've just spent about eight hours doing this, I need food! 2004-04-22 19:13:46 +01:00
[svn r5813] Images that were floated left with inline styles now reference main2.css 'onright'/'onleft'. 2004-04-23 08:58:27 +01:00			`<p>(More views to follow - however, there's no point until we have actually`
[svn r5797] All this bloody mess now validates as XHTML 1.0 Strict. What's more, some of the obviously out of date bits have been updated, or at least notes written to warn people that the information is out of date. I couldn't be arsed to do the surveying guide as well. I've just spent about eight hours doing this, I need food! 2004-04-22 19:13:46 +01:00			`identified the summits on the views with complete certainty :-)</p>`

			`<hr />`

			`<ul id="links">`
			`<li><a href="index.htm">Expedition Handbook</a> - Intro`
			`<ul>`
			`<li><a href="look4.htm">Prospecting guide</a></li>`
			`<li><a href="survey/index.htm">Surveying guide</a></li>`
			`<li><a href="rescue.htm">Rescue guide</a></li>`
Changing all the menu links to the fixed rigging guide 2019-02-27 17:08:22 +00:00			`<li><a href="rig/rigit.html">Rigging guide</a></li>`
[svn r5797] All this bloody mess now validates as XHTML 1.0 Strict. What's more, some of the obviously out of date bits have been updated, or at least notes written to warn people that the information is out of date. I couldn't be arsed to do the surveying guide as well. I've just spent about eight hours doing this, I need food! 2004-04-22 19:13:46 +01:00			`<li><a href="photo.htm">Photography guide</a></li>`
			`</ul></li>`
			`<li><a href="../infodx.htm">Index to info/topics pages</a></li>`
			`<li><a href="../indxal.htm">Full Index to area 1623</a>`
			`<ul>`
			`<li><a href="../areas.htm">Area/subarea descriptions</a></li>`
			`</ul></li>`
			`<li><a href="../index.htm">Back to Expedition Intro page</a></li>`

			`<li><a href="../../index.htm">Back to CUCC Home page</a></li>`
			`</ul>`
[svn r3779] Added HTML files. 2001-08-15 19:29:27 +01:00
			`</body>`
			`</html>`