2018-08-11 10:42:43 +01:00
|
|
|
<html>
|
|
|
|
|
<head>
|
|
|
|
|
<title>CUCC Expo Surveying Handbook: GPS coordinate systems</title>
|
|
|
|
|
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../css/main2.css" />
|
|
|
|
|
</head>
|
|
|
|
|
<body>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<h2 id="tophead">CUCC Expo Surveying Handbook</h2>
|
|
|
|
|
<h1>GPS and coordinate systems</h1>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<h3>Coordinate systems</h3>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p>It doesn't especially matter what display options are selected when you
|
|
|
|
|
are getting the GPS fix, but it is important to use standard ones when writing
|
|
|
|
|
down the reported position in the survey book. The usual systems are either
|
|
|
|
|
Lat/Long with the WGS84 datum, which all GPSses support out of the box; or
|
|
|
|
|
the Austrian BMN (Bundesmeldnetz) system, which should be relative to the
|
|
|
|
|
Austrian MGI datum (Hermannskogel), which is what we use for our surveys. It
|
|
|
|
|
doesn't matter <i>too</i> much what combination of parameters you actually use
|
|
|
|
|
as long as you record what they were, since we have conversion programs that
|
|
|
|
|
can convert coordinates between the systems; but remember to record <b>which
|
|
|
|
|
grid and which datum</b> your GPS was set for when you copy the fix into the
|
|
|
|
|
survey file. (Besides the risk of introducing severe errors, it is an
|
|
|
|
|
extraordinarily tedious task to have to repeatedly try all the plausible
|
|
|
|
|
combinations of grid and datum that a given set of numbers might be in, convert
|
|
|
|
|
them all to dataset coordinates and see which ones give answers in vaguely the
|
|
|
|
|
right place, which is what someone will have to do if you don't write the
|
|
|
|
|
details down.)</p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p>If you want to set up your GPS to use the same coordinates the survey data
|
|
|
|
|
set uses, which makes life a lot easier, then these are the runes to use as a
|
|
|
|
|
"User Grid" if the unit doesn't support BMN coordinates immediately (which
|
|
|
|
|
Garmin ones don't, for example):</p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div style="background-color: #BDB">
|
|
|
|
|
<table>
|
|
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
|
|
|
<th>Ellipsoid:</th><td>Austrian (Bessel 1841)<br />
|
|
|
|
|
a = 63377397.155m (ΔA = 739.845)<br />
|
|
|
|
|
1/f = 299.1528128 (Δf x 10,000 = 0.10037428)
|
|
|
|
|
</td></tr>
|
|
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
|
|
|
<th>Datum:</th>
|
|
|
|
|
<td>Austria MGI (Hermannskogel)</td></tr>
|
|
|
|
|
<tr><th>Projection:</th><td>Transverse Mercator (BMN zone M31)</td></tr>
|
|
|
|
|
<tr><th>North reference:</th><td>Grid</td></tr>
|
|
|
|
|
<tr><th>Grid parameters:</th><td>Central meridian 13°20'E<br />
|
|
|
|
|
False easting 450km<br />
|
|
|
|
|
No additional scaling<br />
|
|
|
|
|
Grid boundaries at 11°50' and 14°50'</td></tr>
|
|
|
|
|
<tr><th>EFEC coordinate conversion<br />equation with respect to WGS84:</th>
|
|
|
|
|
<td>Offsets Δx = -575m, Δy = -93m, Δz = -466m<br />
|
|
|
|
|
Rotations ω<sub>x</sub> = 5.1"; ω<sub>y</sub> = 1.6", ω<sub>z</sub> = 5.2"<br />
|
|
|
|
|
Scaling -2.5ppm
|
|
|
|
|
</td></tr></table>
|
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p>Note: The table above used to incorrectly give the y rotation as 5.1".
|
|
|
|
|
But there's a slightly more accurate version in the
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="coord.htm#ftnBMN">Coordinate Systems section</a>.</p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p>(Technical note: the BMN grid is actually the same as Universal Transverse
|
|
|
|
|
Mercator zone 31, but setting your GPS for UTM will give rather different
|
|
|
|
|
coordinates, as the plateau is actually in zone 33. My understanding of the
|
|
|
|
|
situation is that the Austrians have found it more convenient to extend one
|
|
|
|
|
grid to cover the whole country, thus deviating from UTM for the areas of the
|
|
|
|
|
country which are just over the grid boundary. This is an important gotcha to
|
|
|
|
|
watch out for, since while all the other coordinate systems produce answers in
|
|
|
|
|
recognisably different formats, UTM 33 coordinates look like dataset
|
|
|
|
|
coordinates but are offset by a couple of kilometres. Having your GPS set to
|
|
|
|
|
the wrong datum produces even more subtle errors - the difference between BMN
|
|
|
|
|
grid + WGS84 datum and BMN grid + Austrian datum is an offset of around 500m to
|
|
|
|
|
the south and 50m in altitude.)</p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p>A good way of testing that your GPS is correctly set up is to set it WGS84
|
|
|
|
|
Lat/Long and enter a waypoint for a point whose coordinates are known –
|
|
|
|
|
such as the 204a tag, at 47°41.456'N 013°49.288' – and then
|
|
|
|
|
change the settings again to use the user grid. It will now convert this point
|
|
|
|
|
into the new grid; if you check its coordinates, it should come out as
|
|
|
|
|
something close to 486697E, 5283699N, which are the BMN coordinates for 204a.
|
|
|
|
|
For use in the dataset we tend to subtract the 450km offset in the easting and
|
|
|
|
|
ignore the first two digits of the northing, giving 36697E 83699N.</p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p>Write down the figure that the GPS gives for each waypoint <i>at the
|
|
|
|
|
time</i> (just in case some failure loses the data from the GPS memory –
|
|
|
|
|
this has happened a couple of times in recent years, much to the annoyance of
|
|
|
|
|
everybody involved). That's all you need to do at the cave. Get the GPS data
|
|
|
|
|
downloaded to a computer next time you are in Base Camp (or Top Camp if someone
|
|
|
|
|
has a laptop :-), and as a backup (expo computers break down surprisingly often
|
|
|
|
|
it seems) write it down by hand on one of the A5 cave info sheets with all the
|
|
|
|
|
other details of your cave and put that in the surveys ringbinder file. </p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p>If you want to read about the nitty gritty of converting GPS coordinates to
|
|
|
|
|
the ones used by the Kataster system, you can do no better than read the
|
|
|
|
|
short introduction to <a href="coord.htm">coordinate systems</a>, which briefly
|
|
|
|
|
says "it's horribly complicated and we use computer programs to do it properly".
|
|
|
|
|
(A rather outdated first attempt at this can also be found in Wookey's
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../../years/1996/gps.htm">Compass Points Article</a> from 1996, which
|
|
|
|
|
briefly says "it's horribly complicated and we don't really know how to do it
|
|
|
|
|
properly".) Overall things have significantly improved since the early days,
|
|
|
|
|
particularly as without the fog of the SA variation it's now easy to find out
|
|
|
|
|
whether your GPS is set up right by just GPSsing a known point and comparing
|
|
|
|
|
the results. However, the main point of having a GPS fix on an entrance is
|
|
|
|
|
so we can find it again and be sure it is the same one!</p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<hr />
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<ul id="links">
|
|
|
|
|
<li><b>Expedition Handbook:</b>
|
|
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
|
|
|
<li>Expo Handbook <a href="../index.htm">Introduction</a></li>
|
|
|
|
|
<li><b>Surveying:</b>
|
|
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
|
|
|
<li>Surveying <a href="index.htm">Overview</a> and index of
|
|
|
|
|
topics</li>
|
|
|
|
|
<li><a href="what.htm">What is a cave survey?</a></li>
|
|
|
|
|
<li><a href="why.htm">Why am I doing this?</a></li>
|
|
|
|
|
<li>Methods: <a href="how.htm">underground</a></li>
|
|
|
|
|
<li>Pitfalls to avoid, <a href="hints.htm">hints'n'tips</a> to
|
|
|
|
|
make life easier</li>
|
|
|
|
|
<li>Methods: <a href="ontop.htm">surface</a></li>
|
|
|
|
|
<li>Base Camp: <a href="getin.htm">getting it in</a> to the
|
|
|
|
|
computer</li>
|
|
|
|
|
<li>Base Camp: <a href="drawup.htm">drawing it up</a>, writing
|
|
|
|
|
the description</li>
|
|
|
|
|
</ul></li>
|
|
|
|
|
<li><a href="../look4.htm">Prospecting guide</a></li>
|
|
|
|
|
<li><a href="../rescue.htm">Rescue guide</a></li>
|
2019-02-27 17:08:22 +00:00
|
|
|
<li><a href="../rig/rigit.html">Rigging guide</a></li>
|
2018-08-11 10:42:43 +01:00
|
|
|
<li><a href="../photo.htm">Photography guide</a></li>
|
|
|
|
|
</ul></li>
|
|
|
|
|
<li><a href="../../infodx.htm">Index to info/topics pages</a></li>
|
|
|
|
|
<li><a href="../../indxal.htm">Full Index to area 1623</a>
|
|
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
|
|
|
<li><a href="../../areas.htm">Area/subarea descriptions</a></li>
|
|
|
|
|
</ul></li>
|
|
|
|
|
<li><a href="../../index.htm">Back to Expedition Intro page</a></li>
|
|
|
|
|
<li><a href="../../../index.htm">Back to CUCC Home page</a></li>
|
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
|
</body>
|
|
|
|
|
</html>
|
