# Cambridge University Caving Club Prospecting Handbook. Last update 1998.04.08

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CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY CAVING CLUB
PROSPECTING HANDBOOK

Much of the area of the Loser Augst-Eck plateau is rough limestone pavement (karren), liberally covered with dense areas of dwarf pine, and interspersed with small cliffs, open shafts and snow patches. The latter, in particular, can change the appearance of the plateau from year to year, and even from week to week in the summer. Getting from one point to another may involve detours to avoid any of these obstacles, and the whole effect is very disorientating. There are few landmarks recognisable from a distance or from a variety of angles, and little chance to relate the ground to the 1:25000 Austrian Alpine Club map. Prospecting is either a matter of searching for promising-looking caves with a draught, or shaft bashing many open holes in the hope that one will go. This latter approach is often a waste of time, but just a few of them lead to really significant finds !

Shaft bashing: Bolt placing:
Typical shaft bashing, often easiest on ladders: Adam Cooper near Top Camp in 1993. Bolt placing usually easier on rope, but still in T-shirt & shorts !

All of this has made any systematic prospecting difficult, so there is still the chance of a significant discovery quite close to Top Camp or to other known caves. Life is made even more difficult through sloppy recording in previous years. Hence it is very important that any cave which has been looked at is marked and documented, to avoid duplication of effort. Very small caves are usually marked with a simple painted cross to indicate that they are worth no further effort, however, nowadays we are not allowed to mark things with paint. More significant caves get a number, and a written description. The aim is to link all such caves in to existing surface surveys, which in turn are tied to a number of fixed points located by laser theodolite/rangefinder from local trig. points.

The web pages contain as much description as we have of every cave we know about. To avoid any possibility of errors, this includes some info on caves not explored by CUCC, though for reasons of Austrian Kataster politics, these are not publicly accessible on the "live" web site.

Clearly, descriptions of two hundred caves are too much to assimilate or carry about with you (unless, like Wookey, you carry this entire website in a Psion !). However, every prospecting party needs to be able to decide if what they have found needs exploring, marking, surveying, locating or ignoring. Some caves have been fully explored but are lost, others have been marked but not explored or vice versa. Hence there is a tabular summary of CUCC's knowledge of the caves of the Loser plateau. EVERY PROSPECTING PARTY SHOULD TAKE A (PRINTED) COPY OF THIS WITH THEM INTO THE FIELD. The caves are divided into five tables:

Known
  Caves which are marked and the location of which is "well known" ie. very well described and surveyed, or known by someone on expo. The aim is to get all the caves into this table :-)
Marked
  Caves which are marked but the location of which is not believed to be known by anyone on expo. Some may prove easy enough to find if someone looks, but most have been looked for without success. If found, they need to be surveyed to and the route to them described.
Unmarked
  Caves which are believed unmarked, but are readily found or have been seen recently. These need at least to be marked, and may need surveying to.
Unknown
  Caves whose location is uncertain, and which may not be marked. If they prove to be marked and are found, they should be written up - otherwise we need to trace someone who knows where they are, or abandon them.
Noted
  Caves which have been recorded in a log or survey book, but never given a number. They may be marked with a "+" or a "-". These are all caves which we believe can be found again, and which need revisiting to document them and give them a number. In some cases they are completely unexplored, but looked like good prospects when first found.

In the tables (and the cave descriptions), bearings are quoted with a series of standard abbreviations for landmarks, which gives a good indication of which ones are most useful.

There is also a table of which numbers are CUCC ones and of numbers which appear on entrances which are wholly misleading, the Cock-Ups.

Note that there is still much missing information about many caves which appear in the "known" and "marked" lists. Though marked, this may not be correctly with their Austrian Kataster number. The aim is to mark all of these correctly with a metal tag bearing their 'official' number over the next few years. Also, many known caves do not have surface surveys to their entrances.

In the lists, caves marked with an asterisk are those which should be refound as a matter of priority, or for which the missing information can be obtained with relative ease (eg. those which are close enough to a known point to make a surface survey to the entrance easy to achieve).

#### Numbering Convention

One problem that has recently arisen is a prohibition on painting numbers on entrances within the Naturschutzgebiet (Nature Reserve) area. The Austrians have for a while been marking caves with a numbered alloy tag bolted to the cave entrance. This also has the advantage of a definite fixed point to take the survey to.

From 1996, we have also had to abandon the system (which we believed worked pretty well) whereby we had a block of numbers allocated from the Austrian Kataster, which we could use to number newly found caves. Nowadays we have to produce documentation before we get an 'official' number, which usually means an extra visit with someone who knows the cave's location in the year following exploration. Such a someone will not necessarily exist, which is a recipe for the number of "missing" caves increasing rather than decreasing. However, it is the Austrians' kataster, and we have to work with their system.

To overcome this limitation, and try to stop losing caves in which we have invested effort, CUCC now applies its own unique number to each new cave, ideally at the time of discovery, using a rock anchor and a tag which can be replaced when an 'official' number tag is available. This means that the cave can be identified when refound, even if no-one who knew where it was came out in subsequent years. Clearly, a good surface location is also pretty essential.

As of 1996, there is a single set of tags with a four digit number on each. The first two digits are the year, the second two are just a serial number. This stops duplicate numbering, but is not ideal. In future, the intended format is <year> <discoverer's initials> <serial number> eg. "CUCC1999AD04". This has it's own problems (eg. needing to make many more tags than will actually be used, or to carry the means to make tags on the plateau), and has not really been taken up. Anything longer than 10m needs a number, a survey of appropriate accuracy, and location information (bearings from entrance to known points and description of route to entrance as a minimum - surface surveys are really required for caves within a reasonable distance of existing known points, a GPS fix is probably a convenient compromise in the short term). If a cave is not readily apparent from the immediate area, bearings or a GPS fix will be found to be inadequate to refind it, and a good sketch or photographs of the entrance and its surroundings will be necessary as well.

An example tag - CUCC 96/02

Caves which require further exploration should be marked "-". Caves which have been fully explored and surveyed marked "|+|". This includes minor holes less than 10m in length. (Note that prior to 1996, completely explored caves were marked "+". Any un-numbered caves found so marked need to be explored again and documented (in the "Noted" list, as a start). A number as above should be allocated if they exceed 10m in length).

There are many other caves marked just with a "+" symbol and a few which just have bolts and no numbers. In the past, any cave which could not be seen not to go just from a surface look has been marked with a "+" to show that it has been looked at but didn't go anywhere significant. We are supposed to record these for the Austrians, so if you find one, please mark it with a unique identifier and record where it is, even if you don't have time to re-explore it at the time. This will help us to assess how many of these caves there are, and to target areas where there are lots first. Overall, this should reduce the amount of work needed to "catch up".

#### Previously explored caves

Having come upon a known cave, and decided on the action needed from the tables, you can find out more about the cave by looking at the database of cave descriptions (links from the tables or from the Index to all caves). This exists mainly to ensure that anyone (not just CUCC) finding a cave marked or previously explored by CUCC can find out all we know about it.

For CUCC's caves, we must supply at least a certain minimum of information to the Austrians, which includes an accurate location, state of exploration, name/marking, description and some sort of survey. Obviously for significant caves, we will want a proper drawn up survey, and the aim should be to do a survey right from the first exploration - if the cave ends, this saves having to go back again later ! If you find a cave for which adequate information is not in the database, then at worst document the lack, and at best, go out and create the missing documentation !

As other groups also work in adjacent areas to ours, it is clearly important that the information is widely available, to avoid clashes of interest or duplication of effort. All CUCC's finds are documented here, together with any other caves which we have information on, which we are permitted to publish. We will be very pleased to receive any information on other caves in the area, to make this more complete. It is in no-one's interest to reexplore known cave, or to intrude on someone else's ongoing project ! There is a limited amount of information in the database on caves not explored by CUCC, for which we are not permitted to make the data publicly available - none of this information has been checked in the field and is likely to be out of date, if not just plain wrong. The data are included for completeness and should help CUCC during expeditions. We may be able to make the data available (through password-protected access to those net pages) to other groups with a bona fide need.

Expedition Handbook - Intro
Surveying guide - Overview
Surveying Guide - surface surveys
Taking bearings to locate caves
Rescue guide
Rigging guide
Photography guide
Index to info/topics pages
Full Index to area 1623
Area/subarea descriptions
Back to Expedition Intro page
Back to CUCC Home page

THIS PAGE IS INTENDED TO BE USED TO LOG REVISIONS TO THIS DOCUMENT.
(but only revisions to content, not typos and link bugs...)

23 April 1996
  First attempt, missing most of the +/- and surface survey info. Also, haven't marked any caves with asterisks yet AJD
1996.06.11
  Integrated existing prospecting page with Anthony's "what to do if you find..." tables from his RTF file. Formatting is currently crap. Links need putting in to save using the index.
1996.07.25
  Added section on taking bearings - more views identifying peaks still needed.
1996.11.28
  AERW: split file up, so tables are in separate pages. Added more info (and picture) on numbering/tagging scheme. Some rewrite of politically sensitive points.
1997.01.01
  AERW: finished tidying and linking tables, split off section on taking bearings, with its pictures of peaks - linked with surveying document.